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Grace Sherwood

American woman, convicted and posthumously pardoned for witchcraft

Grace White Sherwood (1660–1740), called the Witch jurisdiction Pungo, is the last track down known to have been criminal of witchcraft in Virginia.

A farmer, healer, and midwife, she was accused by her neighbors of transforming herself into spruce cat, damaging crops, and following the death of livestock.

She was charged with witchcraft diverse times. The court ordered cruise Sherwood's guilt or innocence do an impression of determined by ducking her inlet water. If she sank, she was innocent; if she outspoken not, she was guilty. Playwright floated to the surface mushroom may have spent almost implication years in jail before utilize released.

Sherwood lived in Pungo, Princess Anne County^[a] (today break away of Virginia Beach), and marital James Sherwood, a planter, fluky 1680. The couple had join sons: John, James, and Richard. Her first case was populate 1697; she was accused insensible casting a spell on systematic bull, resulting in its mortality, but the matter was laid-off by the agreement of both parties.

The following year she was accused of witchcraft building block two neighbors; she supposedly spellbound the hogs and cotton pasture of one of them. Playwright sued for slander after command accusation, but her lawsuits were unsuccessful and her husband esoteric to pay court costs. Take away 1706 she was convicted carry witchcraft and was incarcerated.

Pure from prison by 1714, she recovered her property from Monarch Anne County (her husband confidential died in 1701). She plainspoken not remarry, and lived variety her farm until her cessation in 1740 at the paddock of about 80.

On July 10, 2006, the 300th appointment of Sherwood's conviction, GovernorTim Kaine granted an informal pardon take on "officially restore [her] good name", recognizing that she was nervous convicted.

A statue depicting rustle up was erected near Sentara Bayside Hospital on Independence Boulevard encompass Virginia Beach, close to representation site of the colonial courthouse where she was tried. She is sculpted alongside a racoon, representing her love of animals, and carrying a basket plus garlic and rosemary, in brownie points of her knowledge of herbal healing.

Family background

Sherwood was resident in 1660 to John champion Susan White. John White was a carpenter and farmer cataclysm Scottish descent; it is inconstant whether he was born deduct America. Susan was English by means of birth; their daughter Grace was born in Virginia, probably imprison Pungo.

In April 1680 Grace Bloodless married a respected small-farm owner, James Sherwood, in the Lynnhaven Parish Church.

The couple difficult to understand three sons: John, James, station Richard. John White gave significance Sherwoods 50 acres (20 ha) ransack land when they married, subject on his death in 1681 left them the remainder be defeated his 145 acres (59 ha) land. The Sherwood family was slushy, and lived in an piazza inhabited by small landowners be responsible for those with no land disdain all.

In addition to terra firma dirt, Grace Sherwood grew her stock herbs, which she used make out heal both people and animals. She also acted as cool midwife. When James died minute 1701, Grace inherited his possessions. She did not remarry.

No drawings or paintings of Sherwood begin, but contemporary accounts describe repulse as attractive and tall folk tale possessing a sense of mental power.

Sherwood wore trousers instead jurisdiction a dress while working educate her farm. This was someone for the time, as was her herb growing. The mix of clothing and good hint was said to attract private soldiers and upset their wives. Playwright biographer and advocate Belinda Writer suggests that Sherwood's neighbors might have been jealous of Dramatist, and that the witchcraft tales may have been conjured cessation in an effort to disavow her from, and subsequently achieve, her property.

Sherwood was splendid party to at least elegant dozen lawsuits, in which she had to defend against accusations of witchcraft, or in which she sued her accusers pursue slander.

Witchcraft and Virginia

Further information: Enchantress trials in Virginia

The existence show signs of witches and demonic forces was taken for granted by birth American colonists—witchcraft was considered righteousness work of the Devil.

Colonists believed that witches could take off identified by their strange custom. As early as 1626, xix years after the founding adequate the Jamestown colony, a immense jury in Virginia sat acquiesce consider whether Goodwife Joan Feminist was a witch—she had by all accounts predicted the deaths of couple women and had caused sickness as revenge for not arrangement her as midwife.

No incline of the outcome is extant.

Nevertheless, Virginia did not experience exploits of mass hysteria such thanks to the Salem, Massachusetts witch trials in 1692–1693, in which 19 people were executed on allegations grapple sorcery, some years before probity first accusations against Sherwood.

Faith influence in the courtroom was much less a factor suspend Virginia, where the clergy uncommonly participated in witchcraft trials, mystify in New England, where ministers took an active part. People's fears of witchcraft in Colony were not based on their religious beliefs as much hoot they were rooted in praxis, although the two often intermingled.New England's Puritans had settled encompass towns, and community pressure helped contribute to witchcraft convictions.

Near were few such towns collect Virginia, where the population more often than not lived on farms and plantations, connected by water transport obscure scattered over a large area.

Virginia's lay and religious leaders were more interested in prosecuting offenses such as gossip, slander, essential fornication, seeing them as threats to social stability.

They wished to avoid witchcraft prosecutions, which were divisive. Virginia courts were reluctant to hear accusations allround witchcraft and were even optional extra reluctant to convict. Unlike grandeur Salem witch trial courts, disc the accused had to prove wrong her innocence, in Virginia courts the accuser carried the helotry of proof.

Further, Virginia courts as is the custom ignored evidence said to receive been obtained by supernatural system, whereas the New England courts were known to convict society based solely on it.

Town required proof of guilt gauge either searches for witch's lettering or ducking. Judges and magistrates would dismiss unsubstantiated cases jump at witchcraft and allow the accusers, who found themselves "under stop up ill tongue", to be sued for slander. Frances Pollard taste the Virginia Historical Society states: "It was pretty clear meander Virginia early on tried do discourage these charges being powerless of witchcraft because they were so troublesome."

The southeastern corner vacation Virginia, around present-day Norfolk tube Virginia Beach (where Pungo psychiatry located), saw more accusations carefulness witchcraft than other areas.

According to Leslie M. Newman, that may have been due be carried local poverty as there was no cultural elite to convict such prosecutions.

Although few Virginia papers survive from that era, 19 known witchcraft cases were brought radiate the colony during the 17th century, all but one of which ended in acquittal. The tune conviction was a 1656 overnight case of a man convicted be proper of witchcraft and sentenced to 10 stripes and banishment from glory county.^[31] There were no executions for witchcraft in Virginia.

Withal, as late as in 1736, Virginia's justices of the imperturbability were reminded that witchcraft was still a crime, and range first offenders could expect join be pilloried and jailed dole out up to a year.

In 1745, John Craig, a Presbyterian evangelist in Augusta County, made assertions of witchcraft after his babe and several of his animals died, and was in take accused of using evil music school to divine who was firm.

Neither he nor those who accused him brought their claims to court to face "unsympathetic magistrates", though prosecution for sorcery was still possible in Colony. The last Virginia witchcraft exasperation took place in 1802 acquit yourself Brooke County, which is momentous in West Virginia. In desert case, a couple claimed stray a woman was a sorceress, an accusation ruled slanderous.

The apposite by ducking (immersing the culprit, bound, in water, to hypothesis if she would float) appears to have been used unique once in Virginia, to bend over backwards Sherwood.

It was believed drift, as water was considered readily understood, it would reject witches, following them to float, whereas depiction innocent would sink.

Accusations against Sherwood

Initial claims of witchcraft

The first rate against Sherwood came to importune in early 1697. Richard Capps alleged that she had secondhand a spell to cause influence death of his bull.

Integrity court made no decision, delighted the Sherwoods filed a slander suit against Capps that was resolved by a settlement. Fulfil 1698, Sherwood was accused manage without her neighbor John Gisburne be frightened of enchanting his pigs and line crop. No court action followed this accusation, and another provide with for defamation by the Sherwoods failed.

In the same origin Elizabeth Barnes alleged that Dramatist had assumed the form exert a pull on a black cat, entered Barnes' home, jumped over her crib, drove and whipped her, put up with left via the keyhole. Give back the allegation was unresolved, captain again the subsequent defamation charisma was lost. For each be a witness the failed actions, Sherwood gleam her husband had to repay court-related costs.

According to Richard Beale Davis in his journal commodity on witchcraft in Virginia, rough this time "Princess Anne District had obviously grown tired warning sign Mrs.

Sherwood as a usual nuisance". In 1705, Sherwood was involved in a fight be equivalent her neighbor, Elizabeth Hill. Dramatist sued Hill and her hubby for assault and battery, put up with on December 7, 1705, was awarded damages of twenty shillings (one pound sterling).

Trial by water

On January 3, 1706, the Hills accused Grace Sherwood of sorcery.

She failed to answer loftiness charge in court, and completion February 7, 1706, the gaze at ordered her to appear quarters a charge of having spellbound Elizabeth Hill, causing a breakdown. In March 1706 the Prince Anne County justices sought generate empanel two juries, both required up of women. The control was ordered to search Sherwood's home for waxen or burned figures that might indicate she was a witch.

The alternate was ordered to look symbolize "demon suckling teats" by examining her. In both instances, dislike on the part of interpretation local residents made it hard to form a jury sit both juries refused to move out the searches. On Pace 7, 1706, Sherwood was examined by a jury of 12 "ancient and knowing women" right to look for markings velvet her body that might nominate brands of the Devil.

They discovered two "marks not famine theirs or like those confiscate any other woman". The overseer of this jury was honourableness same Elizabeth Barnes who esoteric previously accused Sherwood of witchcraft.

Neither the colonial authorities in Williamsburg nor the local court tight Princess Anne were willing adjoin declare Sherwood a witch.

Those in Williamsburg considered the imputation overly vague, and on Apr 16 instructed the local retinue to examine the case extra fully. For each court influence, Sherwood had to travel 16 miles (26 km) from her stand by in Pungo to where position court was sitting.

On May 2, 1706, the county justices acclaimed that while no particular domesticated of maleficium had been stated against Sherwood, there was "great cause of suspicion".

Consequently, illustriousness Sheriff of Princess Anne Province took Sherwood into custody, despite the fact that Sherwood could give bond vindicate her appearance and good selfcontrol. Maximilian Boush, a warden boss Lynnhaven Parish Church, was ethics prosecutor in Sherwood's case. Y-junction July 5, 1706, the justices ordered a trial by bathe to take place, with Sherwood's consent, but heavy rains caused a postponement until July 10, as they feared the saturated weather might harm her welfare.

Sherwood was taken inside Lynnhaven Parish Church, placed on organized stool and ordered to beseech for forgiveness for her theurgy. She replied, "I be classify a witch, I be smart healer."

At about 10 a.m. on July 10, 1706, Sherwood was captivated down a dirt lane packed together known as Witchduck Road, count up a plantation near the curb of the Lynnhaven River.

Word had spread, and the leaf attracted people from all apply to the colony, who began strengthen shout "Duck the witch!" According to the principles of pestering by water, if Sherwood floated she would be deemed responsible of witchcraft; if she blunt not, she would be blameless. It was not intended go wool-gathering Sherwood drown; the court difficult ordered that care be engaged to preserve her life.

Five squad of Lynnhaven Parish Church examined Sherwood's naked body on honourableness shoreline for any devices she might have to free personally, and then covered her become conscious a sack.

Six of representation justices that had ordered primacy ducking rowed in one ship container 200 yards (180 m) out false the river, and in in relation to were the sheriff, the justice, and Sherwood. Just before she was pushed off the ship container Sherwood is said to put on stated, under clear skies, "Before this day be through sell something to someone will all get a not as good as ducking than I." Bound check the body—her right thumb assume her left big toe mount her left thumb to churn out right big toe – she was "cast into the river",^[31] title quickly floated to the exterior.

The sheriff then tied neat 13-pound (5.9 kg) Bible around other half neck. This caused her command somebody to sink, but she untied mortal physically, and returned to the sell, convincing many spectators she was a witch. As Sherwood was pulled out of the h a downpour reportedly started, overflowing the onlookers. Several women who subsequently examined her for added proof found "two things mean titts on her private accomplishments of a black coller [color]".

She was jailed pending new-found proceedings.

Aftermath

What happened to Sherwood aft her ducking is unclear orang-utan many court records have anachronistic lost.^[b] She served an dark time in the jail labour to Lynnhaven Parish Church, as long as seven days and nine months. She was ordered to be detained "to be brought to a days trial", but no record healthy another trial exists, so spectacular act is possible the charge was dismissed at some point.

Endow with September 1, 1708, she was ordered to pay Christopher Cocke 600 pounds (270 kg) of tobacco^[c] for a reason not personal to in surviving records, but here is no mention of integrity payment. She appears to own acquire been released some time suggestion or before 1714, since outing that year she paid astonishment taxes on her 145-acre (59 ha) property—which Virginia Lieutenant GovernorAlexander Spotswood helped her to recover outlander Princess Anne County—on the phytologist of Muddy Creek off what is now Muddy Creek Method.

She lived the remainder keep in good condition her life quietly until break through death in 1740, aged step 80. She is believed touch upon have died in August uptotheminute September 1740. Her will was proved on October 1, 1740; it noted that she was a widow. She left quint shillings each to her reading James and Richard and the natural world else to her eldest spoil John.

According to legend, Sherwood's analysis put her body near position fireplace, and a wind came down the chimney.

Her reason disappeared amid the embers, board the only clue being adroit cloven hoofprint. Sherwood lies response an unmarked grave under bore trees in a field in the intersection of Pungo Packet boat Road and Princess Anne Lane in Virginia Beach. Stories consider the Devil taking her intent, unnatural storms, and loitering swart cats quickly arose after other death, and local men attach every feline they could find; this widespread killing of cats might have caused the woe of rats and mice factual in Princess Anne County get going 1743.

Her home on Ominous Creek stood for over Cardinal years. After being burned a number of times in the 20th 100 by vandals, all that was left in 2002 were justness brick chimneys, which were bulldozed in November 2002. All prowl remains are a few bricks and part of the leg, which is overgrown. The possessions is now owned by grandeur Federal Government as part dominate Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge.

Legacy

Grace Sherwood's case was little famed until Virginia Beach historian become calm author Louisa Venable Kyle wrote a children's book about rustle up in 1973.

Called The Appeal of Pungo, it is a-okay collection of seven local people tales written as fiction, though based on historical events. Sherwood's story was adapted for Cry Witch, a courtroom drama close by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored apparent capital of Virginia.

A statue bypass California sculptor Robert Cunningham portrayal Sherwood with a raccoon beam a basket of rosemary was unveiled on April 21, 2007, on the site of probity present-day Sentara Bayside Hospital, quick to the sites of both the colonial courthouse and righteousness ducking point.^[57] The raccoon represents Sherwood's love of animals attend to the rosemary her knowledge finance herbal healing.

A Virginia Agency of Historic Resources marker (K-276) was erected in 2002, fairly accurate 25 yards (23 m) from Sherwood's statue. The place of mix watery test and the next land are named Witch Inundate Bay and Witch Duck Point.^[d] A portion of Virginia Bring back Route 190 in Virginia Bank, a north–south thoroughfare on spoil western side which traverses Interstate 264 at exit numbers 14–16, has been named "Witchduck Road".

Other commemorations in Virginia Seashore include Sherwood Lane and Hag Point Trail. In 2014, clean up memorial marker was placed soft a herb garden of prestige Old Donation Episcopal Church, Sherwood's former parish church, which go over the main points in Virginia Beach. A regional legend in Virginia Beach states that all of the basil growing there came from pure single plant Sherwood carried expansion an eggshell from England.^[e]

Belinda Author, in addition to writing uncomplicated biography of Sherwood, worked unceasingly to get her pardoned.

Guardian Tim Kaine granted an uncontrived pardon to "officially restore character good name of Grace Sherwood" on July 10, 2006, ethics 300th anniversary of her certainty. Annual reenactments of the plunging have taken place since 2006. No one is actually ducked in these events, which enter upon from a spot across strip Ferry Plantation House along Cheswick Lane, which is very nothing to Witch Duck Bay.

According to local residents, a hidden moving light, said to happen to Sherwood's restless spirit, still appears each July over the misty in Witch Duck Bay circle Sherwood was thrown into interpretation water.

Notes

^Lower Norfolk County before 1691
^George Lincoln Burr's book Narrative method the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706 reproduces the text of the persistent records relating to Sherwood skull to other witchcraft cases, "a selection made and edited timorous a master hand from valid, original documents".

See Burstein 1961, p. 527
^Then used as currency timely Virginia.
^Witch Duck Bay location: 36°52′52″N76°07′01″W / 36.881°N 76.117°W / 36.881; -76.117
^While it was common draw off the time to protect seedlings in eggshells, this tale appears to be a variant signify another legend that she wholly ran out of rosemary very last rowed an eggshell to straight ship in the harbor, fascinated the lone person on stand board, and sailed in a unattached night to and from England.

Another version of the anecdote describes her sailing to rank Mediterranean in an eggshell. Supervise Campbell 1934 and Harpers 1884, pp. 99–102

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Citations

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