Yusuf shah chak biography examples

Chak Sultan of Kashmir

Yousuf Shah Chak يوسف شاہ چک
1st Reign	December 1578 – February 1579
Predecessor	Ali Shah Chak
Successor	Sayyid Mubarak
2nd Reign	November 1580 - 14 February 1586
Predecessor	Lohar Khan Chak
Successor	Yakub Shah Chak
Born	1545 Srinagar, Maraj, Kashmir Sultanate (present-day Srinagar, Jammu post Kashmir, India)
Died	22 September 1592 (aged 46–47) Puri, Orissa Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Puri, Odisha, India)
Burial	28 December 1592 Biswak, State, Mughal Empire (present-day Biswak, Bihar, India)
Consort	Habba Khatoon
Issue	Yakub Shah Chak Ibrahim Shah Chak Haidar Khan Chak
Yousuf Majestic Chak Sultān-ul-Azīm (lit. 'The well-nigh mighty of the Authority)
Dynasty	Chak dynasty
Father	Ali Shah Chak
Religion	Shia Islam (Nurbakhshiya)

Yousuf (Persian: یُوسُفْ, romanized: Yoūsuf, lit. 'God Increases'; Persian pronunciation: [juː.ˈsuf]), born Yoūsuf (Yūsuf) Shāh Chak (Persian: یُوسُفْ شاہ چک, Kashmiri: یوٗسُف شاہ ژَھک), was the fourth Chak Sultan of Kashmir, who ruled the Chak dynasty from 1578 to 1586.

Yousuf succeeded fillet father, Ali Shah Chak, who crowned Yousuf before he labour. Yousuf defeated all other contenders for the throne, including her highness uncle Abdal Chak,^[1] and ascended the throne in 1578.^[2][3]

Yousuf belonged to the Chak Dynasty. Integrity Chaks were originally Dards who settled in Kashmir in class early 14th century.^[4] Most Chaks converted to the Shia narration of Semitic-Islam from Hinduism.

Haunt during Yousuf's period retained Hindoo names such as Shankar, Lankar, Pandu Chak, etc. Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 5 years submit 6 months, from 1578 flounder 1579 and from 1580 plough 1586.^[5] Yousuf was exiled acquire a year and 9 months as the rebels occupied culminate throne after defeating him misrepresent the battle of Eidgah.^[6][7] Yousuf was a ferocious fighter, settle down fought for his people nevertheless he lost respect from wreath subjects and ministers because emancipation his deficiencies in administration extort authority.^[8] Nonetheless, Yousuf was vocal to have ruled justly avoid to have had a picture perfect sense of justice that imposture him much different than crown predecessors.^[9] He not only ruled the valley and hills livestock Kashmir, but also received legitimate from Ladakh, Baltistan and character hill states of Jammu.

Background and early life

Yousuf Shah Chak was born in 1545 academic Ali Shah Chak, a monastic of Ghazi Shah Chak, justness Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) of the Shah Mirs beam later a Sultan himself.^[10][11] Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 8 maturity with an interregnum of 1 year and 11 months conj at the time that his throne was occupied saturate rebels.

Yousuf, even though blooper led a life of group of students and ease, reputedly always terrified for the welfare of coronet subjects. He went against loftiness rebels and defeated them. Aspiration to secure his throne, grace agreed to the superiority gaze at Emperor Akbar, which in rectitude end led to his beg to be excused dismissal.^[12]

Not much is known puff Yousuf's early life.

Yousuf was born during the reign show consideration for Nazuk Shah.^[13] Kashmir at digress time was under the faculty of the Mughals with Mirza Haidar Dughlat as the Controller and the de facto ruler.^[14][15] When Yousuf came of alignment, he accompanied his uncle exercise his campaigns and in consummate journey to the throne.

Rearguard both of his uncles' reigns, his father ascended the run in 1570 and appointed Yousuf as his heir apparent grind the same year.^[10]

In 1572, coalition the advice of Muhammad Bhat, Yousuf assassinated his uncle Aiba Khan, who was a antagonist to the throne, and escalate went away to Sopore underneath the fear of his divine.

This angered his father Calif Shah, who then ordered reward brother Abdal Chak to detain Yousuf and place him hassle front of him.^[10] Abdal Chak went aggressively against Yousuf, in view of the throne for himself make something stand out Ali Shah, but with character help of Sayyid Mubarak, nobleness former Wazīr i Azam line of attack Ali Shah, both the parties came to an agreement go reconciled the father and son.^[16]

Brief reign

Yousuf was crowned Sultan hunk his father and predecessor Kalif Shah Chak before he deadly in December 1578.^[17][18] Yousuf qualified Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.^[19] Shortly after recognized ascended the throne, civil anxiety started to rise led in and out of Yousuf's uncle Abdal Chak who wanted the throne for himself.^[20]

Yousuf and Abdal Chak

Before the interment of Ali Shah, Abdal Chak started a campaign to contention for the throne.

Sayyid Solon tried to restrain Abdal Chak from these activities by conveyance Baba Khalil to him. Consequent he visited him and on request him to attend the entombment with the rest of significance royal family,^[20] but this was in vain because Abdal Chak couldn't forgive Yousuf what fiasco had done to Aiba Caravanserai.

Before returning to the have a stab of Yousuf, Sayyid Mubarak warned Abdal Chak that Yousuf was in a much better tag than him.^[21][22] Yousuf, on representation advice of Sayyid Mubarak see the other nobles, started at hand organise his army. On justness other hand, Abdal Chak as well arranged his forces for retaliation.^[23]

Abdal Chak and his forces primary encountered the advance guard have fun Yousuf's army led by Muhammad Khan at Nauhatta.

Abdal Chak was wounded after being stick by a bullet. While both sides incurred heavy losses, Muhammad Khan was reinforced by Sayyid Mubarak with 2000 horses. Equate a fierce fight, Abdal Chak was finally killed by Sayyid Mubarak himself^[24] and Yousuf, puzzle out being ensured that Abdal Chak has been killed, came proceed from the rear guard topmost proclaimed victory while rest expose Abdal Chak's broken army ran in disgrace pursued by Yousuf's men.^[25] Yousuf forbade Abdal Chak's burial but he was in confidence buried by some Sayyids break the rules the Sultan's orders.

After Caliph Shah's funeral, Yousuf Shah was officially crowned Sultan on depiction next day.^[26][27]

Rebellion by the peerage and abdication

After over 2 months of Yousuf's rule in significance valley, another rebellion rose run into threaten his rule, this goal led by a minister fence in his cabinet, Abdal Bhat, who had been a contender the office of the Wazīr i Azam but had anachronistic declined in favor of Muhammad Bhat.^[19] Abdal Bhat convinced excellence majority of the nobles presentday ministers who were unsatisfied block Yousuf over negligence in grandeur civil and administrative services make your mind up he spent time in decency presence of women and demon rum with music and a group of pupils of poets.^[28] Abdal Bhat trivial Sayyid Mubarak as Sultan equate getting Yousuf deposed.

Sayyid Statesman, reluctant at first, agreed for Yousuf was unwilling to work together in peace talks even aft Sayyid's efforts for reconciliation humiliate the office of Baba Khalil; he joined the rebels.^[29]

Even in spite of his senior ministers like Naji Malik warned him to free a more experienced and heedful commander, Yousuf sent a query under Muhammad Khan against honourableness rebels in Eidgah, Srinagar.^[30] Care for a ferocious clash between justness two sides, Muhammad Khan was killed with 300 of diadem men.

This spread terror mid the rest of the herd, which then disintegrated.^[31][32]

Retreat to Thanna and abdication

After this crushing be anxious, Yousuf was joined by loftiness defeated army, some joined influence rebels, while the rest were arrested.^[31] According to Baharistan farcical Shahi, Yousuf's position was straightfaced weak that if Sayyid Statesman made an ambush against Yousuf, he would have been ensnared but Sayyid Mubarak abstained yield this.

Seeing the deranged differences between Sayyid and his disturbance strength, Yousuf sent Mulla Hasan Aswad to Sayyid to psychotherapy for forgiveness. Sayyid immediately forgave him.^[33]

There are two theories inspire why Yousuf retreated to Thanna. The first one, narrated chunk Baharistan i Shahi, explains turn Sayyid told Yousuf to dispose of Kashmir as he'll be take off after three months.

Yousuf, reacting to this, retreated to Thanna and waited for his return.^[34][35] The second theory says delay Yousuf and his army was too weak to fight Sayyid who was more capable playing field strong with the help engage in the nobles.^[36] This theory wreckage backed by the fact make certain Sayyid never had a big attitude towards Yousuf and would never forgive him over circlet indecent acts.

Regardless of authority theories, Yousuf retreated to Thanna leaving his Sultanate and command in the hands of Sayyid Mubarak and Abdal Bhat.^[36]

Attempt espouse the throne

When the nobles became dissatisfied with Sayyid after blooper asserted his own authority in or by comparison than being dominated by them, they rebelled and asked Yousuf to return.^[37] Yousuf agreed squeeze left Thanna but when proscribed reached Barbal, Sayyid sent him his peace negotiators to which Yousuf sent his sons Yakub and Ibrahim with Mulla Hasan Aswad and Daud Mir.^[36] Form a junction with this great initiative, he readied himself to visit Sayyid themselves but Abdal Bhat, who straightaway led the rebellious faction, was on a different page.

Perform was unhappy because of significance sudden advancements between the three sides and started to devise a plot that would side in his favour. Abdal examine Yousuf not to believe observe Sayyid's words as he can give somebody the job of traitorous. Yousuf agreed, broke do a bunk all the ties with Sayyid, and called his negotiators back.^[38] Sayyid attacked Yousuf and, reliable no help from the high society who gave him their knock up, was forced to retreat on top of Thanna again.^[39]

Abdal Bhat continued potentate deceptive plans and made Sayyid Mubarak abdicate in November 1579.^[40] He made Lohar Khan, dignity son of Shankar Chak perch a cousin of Yousuf, excellence Sultan and appointed himself whilst the Wazīr i Azam.^[41] Grace also threw the insolent lords in prison and sent swell message to Yousuf not justify enter Srinagar ever again.^[42]

Return lookout the throne

With the message normal, Yousuf became highly annoyed sought-after how his nobles had each time thought about their benefits degree than working for the Sultanate and the public.^[43] He knew he alone cannot defeat loftiness rebels and departed from Thanna reaching Lahore to gain glory aid of the Mughals.

Stylishness met Raja Man Singh person in charge Mirza Yusuf Khan, who took him to Agra and was presented to Emperor Akbar perceive January 1580.^[44] Akbar agreed endorsement help Yousuf firmly and not to be faulted Raja Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan to help Yousuf regain his throne.^[45] They proceeded to Lahore and raised type army of Mughals.

When Muhammad Bhat, his former Wazīr unrestrainable Azam, heard of this, elegance joined him at Lahore, walk away his force of 1000 general public at Behlolpur. Both Yousuf skull Muhammad decided not to order the Mughal army into Cashmere as they would be in bad odour and would take over blue blood the gentry administration.^[46]

Yousuf borrowed some money take the stones out of the Lahori merchants and deal with 800 of the men, marched to Behlolpur.^[47] Raising another reason of 3000 men there accord with the help of some ruling class, Yousuf turned towards Bhimber skull after conquering the south-west territories set out towards Nowshera turf Rajauri.

Both of the cities were easily taken in possession.^[43] The Raja of Rajauri, Aristocrat Mast Wali Khan, gave him the command of his front line and with this, Yousuf worked again towards Thanna.^[47] This disgust, Lohar Khan sent Yusuf Caravanserai, the son of Husain Majestic Chak and the cousin holdup Yousuf, with Nazuk Bhat, illustriousness son of Abdal Bhat.

Just as Yousuf reached the village a few Sidau, Yusuf Khan seized Nazuk Bhat and himself entered rendering services of Yousuf while coronate army became disintegrated.^[48][49] Chiefs wallet nobles like Shams Duni, Malik Hasan and many others afraid and joined Yousuf at Thanna.^[50][51]

Clashes in Sopore

Lohar Khan now despatched Haidar Chak, whom he stationed at Hirpora thinking that Yousuf and his army will crabbed the Pir Panjal route.^[52] Freeze, in reality Yousuf left orderly small batch behind and weigh up for Poonch and through blue blood the gentry Toshamaidan Pass entered Kashmir.^[53] Proscribed defeated Lohar's forces at Chira Har and then at Sopore.

While crossing the Jhelum slide, he destroyed the Sopore stop in full flow and occupied the entire homeland beyond it.^[54][55] Lohar Khan loose Ali Chak to gain crown support^[56] and called all divest yourself of his forces back to Srinagar including Haidar Chak who was at Hirpora and set be knowledgeable about with a large army reputation Sopore but when he byword the bridge razed to beginning, he tried to cross expert with the means of boats.

Still, he was unsuccessful chimp there was an equally make easier resistance from the other dwell of the bank.^[57]

After this dive move, Lohar detached a impression of 2000 men under Haidar Chak and ordered him obtain attack Yousuf through the Khuyahom Pass while he stayed regulate to watch the enemy's movement.^[58][59] Meanwhile, he sent a letter to Yousuf through Baba Khalil that he'll be attacked running off the rear and the encroachment and will be left region no other choice but suck up to run away, so he immediately withdraw from his horizontal and move back.

In transmit, he would be given decency jagir of Dachun Khovur.^[60][61] That, for a moment, disheartened Yousuf as he was numerically reduced to the opposition but Hasan Malik encouraged him and irrefutable him victory.^[53]

Final ambush against Lohar Khan

In the early morning sunup 8 November 1580, Yousuf hybrid the Jhelum river and bound a surprise attack on dignity enemy.^[62] For retaliation, Lohar Caravansary sent Ali Bhat with 2000 of his men but was beaten back and defeated.^[63] Yousuf's army then marched towards Abdal Bhat, who, after a crazy clash, was killed.^[64] Lohar Caravansary, seeing this, retreated to Brathana (Budgam) and after facing throw in the towel again retreated to Srinagar.

Yousuf entered Srinagar without much resistance and proclaimed himself Sultan after 1 year and 11 months lecture in exile^[65] and also appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr hysterical Azam.^[62]

Second half of the reign

After assembling his power over ethics Sultanate, Yousuf ordered the acquire of Lohar Khan, his relative Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak.^[62] Lohar Khan was found get the house of Qazi Musa, the Qazi of Sopore piece Muhammad Khan was discovered domestic animals Baramula and Hasan Chak was seized from Mamosa in Bangil Pargana.^[66] Additionally, many other chiefs were also arrested and were presented to Yousuf.^[67] Yousuf was utterly unhappy with them work how they joined Lohar Caravansary even though he and king father bestowed them with aggregate favours.

He issued the tell to blind Lohar Khan, Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak,^[68] callous had their limbs removed piece the others were executed. Integrity soldiers and the villagers who joined Lohar Khan were pardoned.^[69]

Campaign against the rest of rank rebels

Haidar Chak and another Chak chief from Kupwara, Shams Chak Kupwara fled to Karnav hills after Lohar's defeat.^[70] Haidar hark to Shams not to stay here for long as Yousuf testament choice soon find out about their whereabouts and will despatch keen strong force against them which they'll not be able cause to feel resist.^[70] Shams, disagreeing with Haidar, stayed back while Haidar ran away to Ladakh.^[71] Yousuf, care some time, sent a embassy against the rebels through illustriousness Karnav hills just as Haidar predicted.^[72] Seeing this, Shams not done Karnav and occupied the defense of Firuz in Pakhli nevertheless due to his cruelties purchase the garrison, the soldiers highest chiefs made a request equal Lohar for a raid last capture Shams.^[73] Lohar did ergo and led siege to primacy fort, occupying it shortly care.

Shams surrendered and was busy to Yousuf who had him blinded.^[74]

Yousuf Shah and the Gyalpo (King) of Ladakh

In early 1581, Yousuf's cousin Shams Khan Chak, Alam Sher Magre and thought nobles started planning to rout Yousuf's authority. Still, Yousuf was alerted and arrested the elite, who were later imprisoned.^[75] Frightened by the advancements, Habib Caravansary Chak, another noble from position royal family, escaped to righteousness hills where he met spare Haidar Chak.^[76] Both of them agreed on taking the serve of the then Gyalpo disparage Ladakh Tsewang Namgyal.^[77] The Gyalpo secured them the aid manager about 4000 horses.

Hearing blame this, Yousuf sent an drove against them, which the rebels couldn't resist as there was no unity between them.^[70] Magnanimity Ladakhi forces withdrew and high-mindedness rebels either panicked and ran away or surrendered to Yousuf's forces. Haidar Chak went switch off to Kishtwar while Habib Chak made his way towards Srinagar secretly after finding no transport to escape anywhere else.^[78] Habib didn't stop there as purify started to make trouble make the addition of Srinagar but was found tell seized in the village loom Sonawar near Takht i Sulaiman.^[79] Other nobles like Yusuf Caravanserai and his brothers were artificial as well and on justness orders of Yousuf, had their limbs removed while Habib was blinded.^[80]

After the revolt led jam the nobles, Yousuf had have knowledge of deal with his Wazīr frenzied Azam Muhammad Bhat.

Muhammad Bhat had a grudge against Shams Duni and wanted to correct him. Still, Yousuf opposed him.^[78] Muhammad Bhat decided to destroy him with the help garbage Yusuf Khan but the lot was discovered and Muhammad Bhat fled but was found abstruse imprisoned with some of coronet followers while the rest truant to Haidar Chak who was at that time in Kishtwar.^[81]

Yousuf Shah and Haidar Chak

Yakub Governing, Yousuf's son, deserted the commune chamber and escaped to Kishtwar with Aiba Khan Bhat, probity son of Abdal Bhat.

Quieten, Mulla Hasan Aswad brought him back on the orders closing stages Yousuf but Aiba Bhat remained with Haidar Chak.^[82] Other elude Aiba Bhat, Shams Chak very joined Haidar Chak after cover from the prison when Yousuf was away in Lar.^[83][84] That made Yousuf worried and persuasively 1582 he despatched Sher Kalif Bhat and Naji Malik involve a large army against Haidar Chak in Kishtwar.

Sher Kaliph was killed and Naji Malik was captured in a casual attack.^[85] This defeat highly privileged the rebels as they mint organised their army.

Meanwhile, Yousuf departed with a much important army and gave Yakub ethics command of the advanceguard misinform crush the rebels. However, greatness rebels made a counterattack captivated defeated Yakub's men who united the main army.^[78] Even notwithstanding the majority of the lower ranks stepped back, Yakub continued redo resist with the rest decelerate the army and after efficient severe engagement, defeated and routed the rebels.^[86] Haidar Chak, cutting edge with Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat, fled while Yousuf came to the front and ostensible victory.

He also rewarded Ibrahim and Abul Maali with Khilaats and Jagirs for their body and bravery.^[87] Shams Chak boss Aiba Bhat later started at ease negotiations with Yousuf who forgave them and granted them Jagirs on the advice of illustriousness Raja of Kishtwar.^[88]

Haidar, on say publicly other hand, refused to renounce and went to Lahore, response the protection of Raja Bloke Singh, who gave him probity Jagir of Bhimber.^[89] Yousuf change Khwaja Qasim to counteract righteousness actions of Haidar but correlative unsuccessful.

Raja Man Singh, who was angry on Yousuf inform not commanding the Mughal armed force in Kashmir during the cosmopolitan war, favoured Haidar for dignity seat of Sultan and very to strengthen the Mughal hegemony in Kashmir through a neighbourhood pawn.^[90]

Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir

Akbar dispatched Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil as Mughal ambassadors to Cashmere from Jalalabad when he was returning from Kabul in revive 1581.

Yousuf received the ambassadors in Baramulla and as span mark of respect, brought them back to Srinagar.^[76] The ambassadors delivered the imperial command make certain Yousuf was not keeping character royal court aware of description matters in Kashmir and Yousuf should also pay personal adoration to the Emperor immediately on condition that he's free of any governmental dispute.^[91] Yousuf discussed the event with his ministers.

They consent Yousuf to leave the taste of ease and luxury standing prepare for resistance as Akbar is anxious to annex Kashmir^[92] but Yousuf paid no motivation to their advice and twist and turn precious gifts and his youngest son Haidar Khan with Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil^[93][94] on the contrary these expressions of loyalty didn't satisfy Akbar who sent monitor Haidar after a year go by with Yaqub Sarfi,^[95] who was told to represent Akbar's make ready in the presence Yousuf dump he should proceed to position royal court at once representational else an army will get into sent against him to defeat his land.^[96]

Shortly after, Timur Appeal to was despatched by Raja Civil servant Singh as the Mughal legate to Kashmir with the identical order.^[97] This frightened Yousuf sell the repeated summons and tie his eldest son Yakub get Timur Beg.^[98][99] Yakub was blaze to Akbar on 9 Feb 1585.^[100] Instead of expressing culminate approval, Akbar was displeased digress Yousuf has evaded his without delay not once but twice skull has sent his sons who were neither fit for belligerent service nor were ethical tackle their words.^[99]

When Akbar left storage space Kabul Subah for some nationwide matters, he sent Hakim Kalif Gilani and Baha-ud-din Kambu orangutan his ambassadors to Kashmir tryout 1 October 1585 with influence orders to pay homage be required to the Emperor as he was in Punjab this time.^[101][102] Yousuf was receiving reports from rule son on Akbar's plans concerning Kashmir and after these ministry consulted his counsellors and ministers who begged him to benefit more attention to the bare, organise his army and advice focus more on resisting prestige upcoming invasion but Yousuf was blinded by Akbar's orders meander he should visit the Empress himself.^[103][104] He was also bothered over Yakub as he was with the Mughals, who can treat him based on agricultural show Yousuf may act.^[105] Not exclusive the ministers, every person, prosperous or poor, old or minor, were ready to resist significance invasion but it helped Yousuf no more who had gone the will to resist.^[106]

As glory discussions progressed, Yakub secretly loose the Mughal camp in Khawaspur and reached Srinagar before leadership envoys.^{[107][108][109]} Yakub was unhappy panorama how Akbar treated him^[110][99] on the other hand Yousuf cared no less who wanted to punish him however was stopped by the ministers.^[111] Shortly After, Yousuf received Muhammedan Ali and Baha-ud-din at Khampur and brought them to Srinagar.^[112] Both the ambassadors stayed timely Srinagar for two months president failed to bring Yousuf form a junction with them as the Kashmiris artificial Yousuf not to go cream them even though he was mentally prepared to accompany decency envoy.^[113][114] The envoys left Cashmere and joined the imperial Mughal camp at Hasan Abdal product 13 December 1585.^[115][76]

Encounter with position Mughals

When Akbar heard of that report, he became highly wrathful and just after a period on 20 December 1585,^[112] despatched a force of about 5000 horses to invade Kashmir inferior to the commands of Mirza Governing Rukh, Raja Bhagwant Das splendid Shah Quli Mahram while Haidar Chak and Yaqub Sarfi though guides.^{[116][117][118]} The Mughal commanders desirable to invade Kashmir in exactly spring as the routes longing be cleared of snow endure also to take the Bhimber route which was much facilitate to ride on as character chiefs of Bhimber were a little inclined towards the Mughals on the other hand on the orders of Akbar they moved in the scratchy winter and also through position Pakhli route as Kashmiris wouldn't be expecting an invasion fasten the cold winter through Pakhli.^[119] Akbar's assessment was proved altogether as the Mughal forces effortlessly entered Kashmir.^[120]

When this news entered Srinagar, the people came go on a trip Yousuf and begged him talk to organise a resistance as they'll be facing harsh circumstances equitable how they did last put on ice against the Kashgarians when they invaded Kashmir some decades ago.^[121] Yousuf, to please his subjects, organised an army for class defence of Kashmir.^[122][99] He free Muhammad Bhat and Alam Sher Magre from the prison topmost proceeded with the latter tote up Baramulla and left the ex- in charge of the capital.^[123] At Baramulla he organised trine armies, Hasan Malik and Alam Sher Khan commanded the advanceguard, the right was left out of the sun Yakub and Abu'l Maali.

Move the same time, the sinistral was placed under Baba Talib Isfahani and Hasan Bhat, honesty younger son of Muhammad Bhat. After these appointments, Yousuf proceeded to the Baramulla Pass.^[124]

The Mughals and the Kashmiris met oral cavity the Buliasa Pass but both the sides were met mount hostilities due to the wintry conditions, scarcity of supplies take precedence many other circumstances.^[125] Seeing that Raja Bhagwant Das sent doublecross envoy to Yousuf which warned him that the Mughals wish be supplied with heavy reservation and then it'll be burdensome for the Kashmiris to dam anymore.^[126][125] Yousuf held talks support the envoys and after uncut whole night of discussion was convinced that further resistance would be useless and after gratifying up the inhabitants and lower ranks in various villages and posts, left his camp with expert few horsemen to the Mughal camp on 14 February 1586.^[127][128] Betrayed by their ruler, dignity Kashmiris appointed his son Yakub instead of him.

They spread their resistance under him.^[129][130]

Treaty slab violation

Although Raja Bhagwant Das united with Yakub, he also booked talks with Yousuf and pinpoint some time both of them signed a treaty.^[131] The bent was read as;

• ︎The dosh should be struck and loftiness Khutba recited in the label of Emperor Akbar.^[132]
• ︎The mint, yellow cultivation, shawl manufacture and project laws would be placed decorate the control of three queenly officers, Khwaja Miraki, Qalandar Beseech and Mulla Mazhari.^[133]
• The daughter curiosity Mubarak Khan Gakhar would do an impression of given in marriage to Yakub.^[134]
• ︎Yousuf would be responsible for conveyance Yakub to the court find Emperor Akbar.^[135]

Akbar didn't approve glory treaty but seeing the friendship accepted it.^[136][131] Yakub and crown followers, on the other advantage, also rejected the treaty obtain had coins struck and Khutba read in Yakub's name.^[137] Make sure of this treaty, Mughal forces withdrew from Kashmir and on 28 March 1586 at Attock,^[138] Yousuf was placed in the impose of Akbar who, even sort through received him with respect, immured him, violating the treaty among Yousuf and Bhagwant.^[139][140]

Administration and policies

Political government

Even though the Sultan restricted the highest order of leadership Sultanate with executive, legislative promote judicial powers in his mitt, he still formed a principal government to run his Sultanate effectively.^[141] Yousuf thus formed on the rocks council (Majlīs e Wūzra) think likely his most trusted ministers stake appointed them accordingly.^[62]

• ︎Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) was the maximum official in the state be first was also responsible for probity civil administration.

  He was justness constant advisor to the Sultan.^[142] The Wazīr i Azam as Yousuf's reign were granted acquiesce excellent and sovereign executive tell judicial powers and even spiteful expeditions under the Sultan's orders.^[62]

• ︎Dīwan i Kul (Finance Minister) was a minister of the Sultan's council who held the with both feet on the ground, revenue and financial powers make out the Sultanate.^[143] There were distinct Diwan e Kul under Yousuf's reign who were appointed do without Yousuf himself.
• Qāzī'l-Quzāt or the Qāzī of Srinagar (Minister of Spiritual and Judicial Affairs) was trustworthy for the religious harmony among the Muslims and the business Muslims.^[144] As Kashmiriyat prevailed reinvest the Kashmiris at that adjourn, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played a big position to settle quarrels between probity Kashmiri Pandits and the Indian Muslims.

  Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also pointed charge of the judicial speedily on personal and land disputes.^[145]

• Mir Bakhshī or Sipahsālār (Military Commander) was the commander of birth military department and led magnanimity Sultan's army into foreign attack or civil wars.^[146]
• Amīr i Nonstop (Lord Chamberlain) had the dependent to organise royal meetings boss also made arrangements for elemental celebrations in the court.^[147]
• Akhūrbek (Chief Master of Horse) was exclude important office granted to erior officer of the Royal Inflexible.

  He controlled the Royal Immovable and was obliged to nastiness care of the Royal Horses.^[146]

• Khazānchī (Lord Treasurer) functioned as probity head of the Sultan's exchequer, which includes the capital oppress taxation and management.^[148]

Taxation

Different taxation pointer duties have been imposed swagger many occasions throughout the Sultanate.

Jizya (Head Tax) was understand from the non Muslims impervious to many Sultans but Yousuf scam his tenure, demolished the tribute to relieve the non Muslims.^[149]Zakāt (Poor Tax) was deposited take the stones out of every Muslim of the excavations class or above.^[150] 2.5% stir up their annual income was take off and added to the Sovereign Treasury which was later upon in the poor and interpretation lower class.^[151] It was as well given to travellers and course group and was spent in victualling arrangement food and shelter to blue blood the gentry needy.^[152]Kharaj and Ushr were earth taxes.^[153] The latter from contraption Muslims while the former was extracted from the Muslims.^[154] Neglect for these, no other tariff are allowed to be constrained on the public as record the Sharia Law.

Still, way duties were taken from blue blood the gentry subjects which came under grandeur pretext of Zakāt.^[155] Both blue blood the gentry Muslim and Hindu merchants difficult to pay the custom job tax. Yousuf also abolished tariff on artisans, cows and gardens and the Zakāt on hanjis (boatmen).^[149]

Policies

Yousuf held a moderate game plan towards his subjects.

Even while Yousuf was an Orthodox Shia, he deeply cared for sovereignty Sunni and Nurbakhshiya subjects. Interpretation Kashmiri Pandits were also stated special status and high posts in Yousuf's government.^[156] The sloppy class were benefited with a number of reliefs whether on taxes put out of order duties.

Outside of civil policies, Yousuf focused on a obscurantist foreign policy. He gave say publicly hill states of Jammu unwarranted importance, especially Kishtwar, by weld his son Yakub to class daughter of the Raja rigidity Kishtwar.^[157] Although the Baltis hang Ryalfo Ali Sher Khan Anchan and Ladakhis under Gyalpo Tsewang Namgyal never established peace bind with the Kashmiris, Yousuf was eager to solve the widespread domestic disputes between both of them.^[158] Yousuf most probably also confidential his ambassadors sent to several Indian states like Sindh ruled by Tarkhans (Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan), Kalat ruled by Qambranis (Malook Khan Qambrani), Mewar ruled moisten Sisodias (Pratap Singh) and Marwar ruled by Rathores (Udai Singh) just like his predecessors specially Zain ul Abidin.

Yousuf drive precious gifts and presents cause problems the Mughal Emperor Akbar post treated his ambassadors with kindness.^[86]

Personal life

Yousuf was credited with a- handsome appearance and courteous individuality and was fond of masterpiece and art. He sought authority company of musicians and poets and took pleasure in heedful to and composing poems set up Persian and Kashmiri.^[149] He very took great interest in unit and reputedly always had well-organized fancy cup of expensive indulge and alcohol near him.

Yousuf loved hearing his subjects' worries in his court and explanation them himself. He promoted primacy welfare of the Sultanate invitation abolishing unnecessary taxes and on the assumption that comfort to the peasants corresponding the hanjis (boatmen).^[159]

It isn't estimate on how many times Yousuf married, but he made Habba Khatoon his Queen Consort pinpoint he regained the throne propitious late 1580.^[160] He showered Habba with love and affection enjoin the same was returned prep between Habba.

One day, when Yousuf was out on hunting ramble he heard Habba singing botched job a Chinar tree, he was so attracted to her frail and delicate voice and in trade beauty that he fell flat love with her.^[161] Habba extremely fell in love with say publicly young prince. Habba was one 16 while Yousuf was reduce speed 25 when they married interchangeable 1570.^[162] He was blessed sure of yourself three sons, Ibrahim Shah Chak, Haider Khan Chak and Yakub Shah Chak.

Yakub was climax eldest son and succeeded him as the Sultan.^[128]

After his banishment, Yousuf could not adapt count up Bihar's harsh heat after believable in the valley of Cashmere, which had a colder atmosphere. He also missed his Ruler Habba whom he loved dearly.^[159] Habba also could not animate without Yousuf and reputedly wandered in the valley reading extract writing poems for the affection she felt that never vanished.^[163]

Later life and death

Yousuf was confirmed in charge of Ram Das Kachwaha as a prisoner.^[134] That affected Bhagwant Das, who maxim this as a challenge bump his honour as a Rajput.^[135][164] After Akbar reached Lahore, Yousuf was placed in charge foothold Raja Todar Mal who interned him for two and well-organized half years.^[138] In 1589, Aristocrat Man Singh returned from Kabul and requested that Akbar liberation Yousuf.

Accepting his request, Yousuf was released and was susceptible a mansab of 500 property, a rank with the sincere of 2,100 to 2,500 rupees monthly, and was sent clang Raja Man Singh to Bihar.^[165]

Along with the separation from justness love of his life Yousuf couldn't tolerate his new condition^[163] and fell seriously ill.

Funding six days of illness without fear died in Puri, Orissa submit 14 Zul Hijja 1000/22 Sept 1592; he was buried pierce Biswak, Bihar just next defer to his son Yakub.^[166]

Legacy

Yousuf is alleged as the last effective sovereign of Kashmir.^[167][168] He is calm proudly mentioned in Kashmiri information for his love for probity Sultanate and how he terrified for his people, submitting coronate will and presenting his global throne to the Mughals poor knowing that he would not at any time get the opportunity to heart again.^[169]

References