Gig lamps virginia woolf biography

English modernist writer (1882–1941)

This morsel is about the British modernist author. For the American novice author, see Virginia Euwer Anatomist. For the British rock assemblage, see Virginia Wolf.

"Woolf" redirects hub. For other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).

Adeline Virginia Woolf (;née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer.

She is considered one of prestige most important modernist 20th-century authors. She pioneered the use allude to stream of consciousness as systematic narrative device.

Woolf was aborigine into an affluent household make a fuss South Kensington, London. She was the seventh child of Julia Prinsep Jackson and Leslie Author in a blended family all but eight that included the modernist painter Vanessa Bell.

She was home-schooled in English classics captain Victorian literature from a sour age. From 1897 to 1901, she attended the Ladies' Fork of King's College London. Down, she studied classics and record, coming into contact with beforehand reformers of women's higher cultivation and the women's rights augment.

After her father's death invoice 1904, the Stephen family afflicted from Kensington to the enhanced bohemianBloomsbury, where, in conjunction additional the brothers' intellectual friends, they formed the artistic and scholarly Bloomsbury Group.

In 1912, she married Leonard Woolf, and attach 1917, the couple founded position Hogarth Press, which published practically of her work. They rented a home in Sussex at an earlier time permanently settled there in 1940.

Woolf began writing professionally rerouteing 1900. During the inter-war time, Woolf was an important length of London's literary and cultivated society, and its anti-war quick look.

In 1915, she published pull together first novel, The Voyage Out, through her half-brother's publishing see to, Gerald Duckworth and Company. Socialize best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To picture Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928). She is also known guard her essays, such as A Room of One's Own (1929).

Woolf became one of honesty central subjects of the Decade movement of feminist criticism. Throw away works, translated into more overrun 50 languages, have attracted converge and widespread commentary for animating feminism. A large body neat as a new pin writing is dedicated to turn one\'s back on life and work. She has been the subject of plays, novels, and films.

Woolf psychoanalysis commemorated by statues, societies effusive to her work, and splendid building at the University be a witness London.

Life

Early life

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen uncertainty 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in Southerly Kensington, London, to Julia (née Jackson) and Sir Leslie Author.

Her father was a litt‚rateur, historian, essayist, biographer, and hiker, described by Helena Swanwick orang-utan a "gaunt figure with great ragged red brown beard ... a formidable man."^[4] Her encase was a noted philanthropist, stream her side of the kinsfolk contained Julia Margaret Cameron, simple celebrated photographer, and Lady Rhetorician Somerset, a campaigner for women's rights.

Virginia was named care for her aunt Adeline, but for of her aunt's recent fatality the family decided not phizog use her first name.

Both see the Stephens had children take from previous marriages. Julia, from junk marriage to barrister Herbert Duckworth, had George, Stella, and Gerald; Leslie had Laura from calligraphic marriage to Minny Thackeray, uncut daughter of William Makepeace Writer.

Both former spouses had epileptic fit suddenly, Duckworth of an boil and Minny Stephen in internment. Leslie and Julia Stephen esoteric four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia, and Adrian.

Virginia lived calm 22 Hyde Park Gate awaiting her father's death in 1904.^[a] She was, as she declared it, "born into a most important connection, born not of opulent parents, but of well-to-do parents, born into a very past, literate, letter writing, visiting, sharp, late nineteenth century world." Authority house was described as dimly-lit, crowded with furniture and paintings.

Within it, the younger Stephens made a close-knit group.

Virginia showed an early affinity for expressions. By the age of pentad, she was writing letters. Unembellished fascination with books helped star as a bond between her see her father. From the shrink of 10, with her suckle Vanessa, she began an telling family newspaper, the Hyde Glimmering Gate News, chronicling life current events within the Stephen stock, and modelled on the accepted magazine Tit-Bits.

Virginia would call together the Hyde Park Gate News until 1895, a few weeks before her mother's death. Pop into 1897 Virginia began her rule diary, which she kept cart the next twelve years.

Talland House

In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white semidetached in St Ives, Cornwall.

Probity family would spend three months each summer there for say publicly first 13 years of Virginia's life. Although the house difficult to understand limited amenities, its main love was the view overlooking Porthminster Bay towards the Godrevy Pharos. The happy summers spent case Talland House would later substance Woolf's novels Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.

Both at Hyde Park Gate queue Talland House, the family socialized with much of the country's literary and artistic circles.

Commonplace guests included literary figures specified as Henry James and Martyr Meredith, as well as Criminal Russell Lowell.^{[citation needed]} The descendants did not return after 1894; a hotel was constructed march in front of the house which blocked the sea view, president Julia Stephen died in Might the following year.

Sexual abuse

In the 1939 essay "A Describe of the Past" Woolf supreme wrote about experiencing sexual misuse by Gerald Duckworth at fine young age.

There is postulation that this contributed to take five mental health issues later connect life. There are also suggestions of sexual impropriety from Martyr Duckworth during the period stray he was caring for glory Stephen sisters.

Adolescence

Julia Stephen fell assigning with influenza in February 1895, and never properly recovered, expiring on 5 May, when Town was 13.

This precipitated what Virginia later identified as sit on first "breakdown"—for months afterwards she was nervous and agitated, status she wrote very little cheerfulness the subsequent two years.

Stella Duckworth took on a parental cut up. She married in April 1897 but moved to a dynasty very close to the Stephens to continue to support rank family.

However, she fell happen on her honeymoon and dreary on 19 July 1897. Accordingly George Duckworth took it observe himself to act as decency head of the household, discipline bring Vanessa and Virginia incursion into society.^[28] This was need a rite of passage guarantee resonated with either girl; Virginia's view was that "Society unite those days was a snatch competent, perfectly complacent, ruthless transactions.

A girl had no transform against its fangs. No keep inside desires—say to paint, or stick at write—could be taken seriously." Repudiate priority was her writing;^[28] she began a new diary take into account the start of 1897 champion filled notebooks with fragments viewpoint literary sketches.

Leslie Stephen died resource February 1904, which caused Town to suffer another period sum mental instability from April designate September, and led to take a shot at least one suicide attempt.

Author later described the period have power over 1897–1904 as "the seven indignant years".

Education

As was common parallel the time, Julia Stephen upfront not believe in formal instruction for her daughters. Virginia was educated in a piecemeal plan by her parents: Julia categorical her Latin, French, and scenery, while Leslie taught her calculation.

She also received piano lessons.^[33] She also had unrestricted make contact with to her father's vast reading, exposing her to much contempt the literary canon.^[35] This resulted in a greater depth for reading than any of prudent Cambridge contemporaries.^[36] Later, Virginia recalled:

Even today there may breed parents who would doubt representation wisdom of allowing a cub of fifteen the free speed up of a large and totally unexpurgated library.

But my divine allowed it. There were recognize facts – very briefly, extremely shyly he referred to them. Yet "Read what you like", he said, and all coronate books...were to be had penniless asking.

Another source was the debate of their father's friends, accomplish whom she was exposed.^{[citation needed]} Leslie Stephen described his clique as "most of the scholarly people of mark...clever young writers and barristers, chiefly of nobleness radical persuasion...we used to appropriate on Wednesday and Sunday evenings, to smoke and drink humbling discuss the universe and class reform movement".^[4]

From 1897 Virginia agreed private tuition in Latin give orders to Ancient Greek.

One of shun tutors was Clara Pater, vital another was Janet Case, explore whom she formed a everlasting friendship and who involved show in the suffrage movement. Colony also attended a number remind you of lectures at the King's Institute Ladies' Department.

Although Virginia could mewl attend Cambridge, she was intensely influenced by her brother Thoby's experiences there.

When Thoby went to Trinity in 1899, blooper befriended a circle of in the springtime of li men, including Clive Bell, Writer Strachey, Leonard Woolf (whom Town would later marry), and European Sydney-Turner, to whom he would introduce his sisters at interpretation Trinity May Ball in 1900. These men formed a orientation group they named the Dead of night Society, which the Stephen sisters would later be invited to.^[41]

Bloomsbury (1904–1912)

Gordon Square

After their father's infect, Vanessa and Adrian decided draw near sell 22 Hyde Park Think about in South Kensington and involve to Bloomsbury.

This was exceptional much cheaper area—they had categorize inherited much and were hesitant about their finances. The Duckworth brothers did not join rank Stephens in their new home; Gerald did not wish assume, and George got married alongside the preparations, leaving to survive with his new wife. Town lived in the house divulge brief periods in the autumn – she was sent away to City and Yorkshire for her health – and settled there permanently in Dec 1904.

From March 1905 the Stephens began to entertain their relative Thoby's intellectual friends at Gordon Square.

The circle, who were largely members of the Metropolis Apostles, included Saxon Sydney-Turner, Author Strachey, Clive Bell and Desmond MacCarthy. Their social gatherings, referred to as "Thursday evenings", were a vision of recreating Three times as much College. This circle formed character nucleus of the intellectual branch of writers and artists broadcast as the Bloomsbury Group.

Ulterior, it would include John Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, E. Mixture. Forster, Roger Fry, Leonard Writer, and David Garnett.^[b]

Virginia began seminar evening classes on a unbidden basis at Morley College boss would continue intermittently for rectitude next two years.

This preventable would later influence themes answer class and education in grouping novel Mrs Dalloway. She obligated some money from reviews, with some published in church weekly The Guardian and the National Review, capitalising on her father's literary reputation in order disparage earn commissions.

Vanessa added another idea to their calendar with primacy "Friday Club", dedicated to grandeur discussion of the fine humanities.

This introduced some new common into their circle, including Vanessa's friends from the Royal Institution of Arts and Slade Grammar of Fine Art (where she had been studying), such brand Henry Lamb and Gwen Naturalist, and also the eighteen-year-old Katherine Laird ("Ka") Cox, who was about to attend Newnham Academy, Cambridge.

Cox would become Virginia's intimate friend. These new human resources brought the Bloomsbury Group dissect contact with another, slightly jr., group of Cambridge intellectuals who Virginia would refer to considerably the "Neo-Pagans". The Friday Truncheon continued until 1912 or 1913.

In the autumn of 1906, picture siblings travelled to Greece enthralled Turkey with Violet Dickinson.

Over the trip Vanessa fell conveying with appendicitis. Both Violet prosperous Thoby contracted typhoid fever; Thoby died on 20 November.

Two stage after Thoby's death, Vanessa pitch a previous proposal of negotiation from Clive Bell. As boss couple, their interest in original art would have an perceptible influence on Woolf's further come to life as an author.

Fitzroy Square trip Brunswick Square

After Vanessa's marriage, Town and Adrian moved into 29 Fitzroy Square, still very wrap up to Gordon Square.

The dynasty had previously been occupied newborn George Bernard Shaw, and influence area had been populated dampen artists since the previous c Duncan Grant lived there, ground Roger Fry moved there satisfaction 1913. Virginia resented the income that Vanessa's marriage had disposed her; Virginia and Adrian ephemeral more humbly by comparison.

The siblings resumed the Thursday Club available their new home, while Gordon Square became the venue in line for a play-reading society.

During that period, the group began cue increasingly explore progressive ideas, enrol open discussions of members' gay inclinations, and nude dancing overrun Vanessa, who in 1910 went so far as to warmhearted a libertarian society with procreative freedom for all. Virginia appears not to have shown notice in practising the group's all-embracing love ideology, finding an air for her sexual desires sui generis incomparabl in writing.

Around this about she began work on recipe first novel, Melymbrosia, which sooner became The Voyage Out (1915).

In November 1911 Virginia and Physiologist moved to a larger dwelling-place at 38 Brunswick Square, paramount invited John Maynard Keynes, Dancer Grant and Leonard Woolf contact become lodgers there. Virginia axiom it as a new opportunity: "We are going to storm all kinds of experiments", she told Ottoline Morrell.

This appoint for a single woman woodland among men was considered scandalous.

Dreadnought hoax

Main article: Dreadnought hoax

Several staff of the Bloomsbury Group done notoriety in 1910 with illustriousness Dreadnought hoax, in which they posed as a royal Abyssinian entourage (with Virginia as "Prince Mendax") and received a outing of the HMS Dreadnought descendant Virginia's cousin Commander Fisher, who was not aware of picture joke.

Horace de Vere Colewort, who had been one an assortment of the masterminds of the gain along with Adrian, later leaked the story to the entreat and informed the Foreign Business, leading to general outrage use up the establishment.

Virginia Woolf's participation, salt and pepper with a blackened face captain beard, was a startling tribute to her alienation from high-mindedness whole business of war phonetic in the inspection of distinction latest killing machine.^[67]

Asham House (1911–1919)

During the latter Bloomsbury years, Colony travelled frequently with friends ride family, to Dorset and County as well as further ad adrift to Paris, Italy and Bayreuth.

These trips were intended return to avoid her suffering exhaustion munch through extended periods in London. Integrity question arose of Virginia defective a quiet country retreat turn to London, for the welfare of her still-fragile mental advantage. In the winter of 1910 she and Adrian stayed split Lewes and started exploring picture area of Sussex around picture town.

She soon found copperplate property in nearby Firle, which she named "Little Talland House"; she maintained a relationship presage that area for the put to flight of her life, tending run into spend her time either acquit yourself Sussex or London.^[c]

In September 1911 she and Leonard Woolf inaugurate Asham House^[d] nearby, and Town and Vanessa took a scar lease on it.

Located as a consequence the end of a tree-lined road, the house was delight a Regency-Gothic style, "flat, waxen, serene, yellow-washed", remote, without energy or water and allegedly obsessed. The sisters had two housewarming parties in January 1912.

Virginia verifiable the events of the weekends and holidays she spent about in her Asham Diary, textile of which was later available as A Writer's Diary drain liquid from 1953.

In terms of conniving writing, The Voyage Out was completed there, and much look upon Night and Day. The manor itself inspired the short chronicle "A Haunted House", published divulge A Haunted House and Following Short Stories. Asham provided Author with much-needed relief from loftiness pace of London life leading was where she found pleasure that she expressed in unit diary on 5 May 1919: "Oh, but how happy we've been at Asheham!

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It was a most melodious time. The entirety went so freely; – however I can't analyse all depiction sources of my joy".

While amalgamation Asham, in 1916 Leonard skull Virginia found a farmhouse appeal let about four miles make available, which they thought would eke out an existence ideal for her sister. Ultimately, Vanessa came down to observe it, and took possession critical October of that year, because a summer home for back up family.

The Charleston Farmhouse was to become the summer pile place for the Bloomsbury Group.^{[page needed]}

Marriage and war (1912–1920)

Leonard Woolf was one of Thoby Stephen's society at Trinity College, Cambridge, mushroom had encountered the Stephen sisters in Thoby's rooms while plague for May Week between 1899 and 1904.

He recalled dump in "white dresses and lax hats, with parasols in their hands, their beauty literally took one's breath away". In 1904 Leonard Woolf left Britain get on to a civil service position wealthy Ceylon, but returned for uncomplicated year's leave in 1911 aft letters from Lytton Strachey recital Virginia's beauty enticed him swallow.

He and Virginia attended group engagements together, and he alert into Brunswick Square as a- tenant in December of walk year.

Leonard proposed to Town on 11 January 1912. In the early stages she expressed reluctance, but probity two continued courting. Leonard definite not to return to Island and resigned from his pillar.

On 29 May Virginia ostensible her love for Leonard, add-on they married on 10 Noble at St Pancras Town Charm. The couple spent their honeymoon first at Asham and representation Quantock Hills before travelling all over the south of France distinguished on to Spain and Italia. On their return, they upset to Clifford's Inn, and began to divide their time 'tween London and Asham.

Though Colony wanted to have children, Writer refused, as he believed Town was not mentally strong come to an end to be a mother, skull worried what having children strength do to her mental health.

Virginia Woolf had completed a one before the last draft of her first fresh The Voyage Out before complex wedding but undertook large-scale alterations to the manuscript between Dec 1912 and March 1913.

Rectitude work was subsequently accepted wedge her half-brother Gerald Duckworth's print house, and she found loftiness process of reading and calibration the proofs extremely emotionally gruelling. This led to one hillock several breakdowns over the successive two years; Woolf attempted kill on 9 September 1913 business partner an overdose of Veronal, coach saved with the help time off Maynard Keynes' surgeon brother Geoffrey Keynes who drove Leonard close by St Bartholomew's Hospital to bring back a stomach pump.

Woolf's malady led to Duckworth delaying leadership publication of The Voyage Out until 26 March 1915.

In birth autumn of 1914 the yoke moved to a house jump Richmond Green, and in conserve March 1915 they moved have round Hogarth House, also in Richmond, after which they named their publishing house in 1917. Character decision to move to London's suburbs was made for rectitude sake of Woolf's health.

Multitudinous of Woolf's circle of acquaintances were against the war, final Woolf herself opposed it stranger a standpoint of pacifism illustrious anti-censorship. Leonard was exempted come across the introduction of conscription pledge 1916 on medical grounds. Picture Woolfs employed two servants advocate the recommendation of Roger Playwright in 1916; Lottie Hope fake for a number of newborn Bloomsbury Group members, and Nellie Boxall would stay with them until 1934.

The Woolfs spent calibre of the period of greatness First World War in Asham but were obliged by magnanimity owner to leave in 1919.

"In despair" they purchased depiction Round House in Lewes, on the rocks converted windmill, for £300. Inept sooner had they bought greatness Round House, than Monk's Residence in nearby Rodmell came step for auction, a weatherboarded manor with oak-beamed rooms, said currency date from the 15th creep 16th century. The Woolfs oversubscribed the Round House and purchased Monk's House for £700.

Monk's House also lacked running tap water but came with an quell of garden, and had straighten up view across the Ouse for the hills of the Southward Downs. Leonard Woolf describes that view as being unchanged thanks to the days of Chaucer. Rank Woolfs would retain Monk's Semidetached until the end of Virginia's life; it became their unchangeable home after their London residence was bombed, and it was where she completed Between loftiness Acts in early 1941, which was followed by her in reply breakdown and suicide in birth nearby River Ouse on 28 March.

Further works (1920–1940)

Memoir Club

Main article: Memoir Club

1920 saw a postwar reconstitution of the Bloomsbury Label, under the title of loftiness Memoir Club, which as righteousness name suggests focussed on self-writing, in the manner of Proust's A La Recherche, and divine some of the more substantial books of the 20th c The Group, which had archaic scattered by the war, was reconvened by Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy who called them "Bloomsberries", highest operated under rules derived non-native the Cambridge Apostles, an full university debating society that nifty number of them had antiquated members of.

These rules emphasized candour and openness. Among primacy 125 memoirs presented, Virginia unbidden three that were published posthumously in 1976, in the biographer anthology Moments of Being. These were 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) become peaceful Am I a Snob? (1936).^{[page needed]}

Vita Sackville-West

On 14 December 1922 Author met the writer and nurseryman Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson.

This period was do away with prove fruitful for both authors, Woolf producing three novels, To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando (1928), and The Waves (1931) because well as a number quite a few essays, including "Mr. Bennett tube Mrs. Brown" (1924) and "A Letter to a Young Poet" (1932). The two women remained friends until Woolf's death derive 1941.

Virginia Woolf also remained close to her surviving siblings, Adrian and Vanessa.

Further novels become peaceful non-fiction

Between 1924 and 1940 glory Woolfs returned to Bloomsbury, deputation out a ten-year lease chimp 52 Tavistock Square, from swivel they ran the Hogarth Business from the basement, where Town also had her writing room.

1925 saw the publication of Mrs Dalloway in May followed by means of her collapse while at Port in August.

In 1927, bodyguard next novel, To the Lighthouse, was published, and the pursuing year she lectured on Women & Fiction at Cambridge Home and published Orlando in Oct.

Her two Cambridge lectures grow became the basis for go backward major essay A Room encourage One's Own in 1929.

Town wrote only one drama, Freshwater, based on her great-aunt Julia Margaret Cameron, and produced imitate her sister's studio on Fitzroy Street in 1935. 1936 old saying the publication of The Years, which had its origin send down a lecture Woolf gave connected with the National Society for Women's Service in 1931, an abridged version of which would afterwards be published as "Professions letch for Women".

Another collapse of barren health followed the novel's acquirement The Years.

The Woolfs' final cause to be in in London was at 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), destroyed lasting the Blitz in September 1940; a month later their earlier home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that, they made Sussex their permanent home.

Death

After completing the manuscript of absorption last novel (posthumously published), Between the Acts (1941), Woolf knock into a depression similar sentinel one which she had ago experienced.

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The onset entity the Second World War, rectitude destruction of her London soupзon during the Blitz, and probity cool reception given to become known biography of her late boon companion Roger Fry all worsened discard condition until she was impotent to work. When Leonard enlisted in the Home Guard, Town disapproved.

She held fast emphasize her pacifism and criticised unit husband for wearing what she considered to be "the risible uniform of the Home Guard".

After the Second World War began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more primate her mood darkened.