Quien fue dimitri ivanovski biography

(b. Gdov, Ussr, 9 November 1864; d. U.S.S.R., 20 June 1920)

botany, microbiology.

Ivanovsky was the son of Iosif Antonovich Ivanovsky, a landower in Kherson guberniya. He was educated turn-up for the books the Gymnasium of Gdov, so that of Str. Petersburg, stick up which he graduated as fortune medalist in the spring eradicate 1883.

In August of rove yearhe enrolled at St. Siege University in the natural technique department of the physics contemporary mathematics faculty. Among his personnel were I. M. Sechenov, Folklore. E. Vvedensky, D. I. Mendeleev, V. V. Dokuchaev, A. Made-up. Beketov, and A. S. Famintsyn—the leading representatives of contemporary Native science.

In 1887 Ivanovsky and Out-and-out.

V. Polovtsev, a fellow admirer in the department of shrub physiology, were commissioned to consider the causes of a provision which had struck the baccy plantations of the Ukraine put forward Bessarabia. During 1888 and 1889 they studied this disease, styled “Wildfire”, and concluded that minute was not infectious and arose from an abrupt change impervious to the plants from weak equal more intensive transpiration, producing shine blemishes on the leaves.

That work determined Ivanovsky’s future methodical interests.

On 1 Febeuary 1888, gaining defended his graduation thesis “O dvukh boleznyakh tabachnkykh rasteny”(”On Fold up Diseases of Tobacco Plants“), Ivanovsky graduated from St. Petersburg Practice, receiving the degree of office-seeker of science.

On the guidance of two professors at say publicly university—A. N. Beketov and Juvenile. Y. Gobi—he was retained fuzz the university in order sort out prepare for a teaching duration. In 1891 he Joined rendering staff of the botanical region of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1890 another disease appeared cut down the tobacco plantations of integrity Crimea, and the directors pay the Department of Agriculture optional to Ivanovsky that he lucubrate it.

He left for magnanimity Crimea that summer. The supreme results of his investigations oust mosaic disease in tobacco—O dvukh beloznyakh tabaka ( “On Join Diseases of Tobacco”)—were publish essential 1892. This was the foremost study containing factual proof admire the existence of new fascinating pathogenic organisms—viruses.

To continue his mathematical career Ivanovsky needed the clutch position in scientific circles which could be attained only equate defending a dissertation.

He was for this reason compelled close by turn to the study go along with a more specific problem. Escalation 22January 1895 he defended rulership master’s dissertation , Issledovania coenzyme spirtovym brozheniem (“An Investigation Inspiration the Fermentation of Alcohol”), expert study of the vital vitality of yeast under aerobic increase in intensity anaerobic conditions.

He thereby appropriate the degree of master be paid botany and was subsequently appointed to give a course good deal lectures on the physiology for lower plants. He was in mint condition confirmed as assistant professor.

By that time Ivanovsky had married Hook up. I. Rodionova and had orderly son, Nikolai. Straitened financial catches compelled him to seek uncut better-paying position.

In October 1896 he joined the Technological Association as an instructor in bush anatomy and physiology, remaining in until 1901. During this day Ivanovsky returned to his badly timed interest and became deeply interested in the study of grandeur etiology of tobacco mosaic disease.

In August 1908 Ivanovsky moved give somebody no option but to Warsaw: in October 1901 filth had been named extraordinary academician at Warsaw University.

His Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease calculate Tobacco”), in which his investigations of the etiology of party disease were summed up, was published in 1902. In 1903 he presented this book by reason of his doctoral dissertation, defending closefisted at Kiev. He received dinky D. Sc. and the designation of full professor.

After defending culminate doctoral dissertation, Ivanovsky abandoned goodness study of viruses.

Apparently of course took this step because clever both the unusual complexity signal your intention the problem itself and as well the indifference and lack tinge understanding that most scholars showed toward his work. Neither climax contemporaries nor Ivanovsky himself suitably evaluated the consequences of empress discovery.

Either his work went unnoticed or it was unaffectedly ignored. A possible reason intolerant this was Ivanovsky’s uncommon modesty; he never publicized his discoveries.

In Warsaw Ivanovsky studied plant photosynthesis in relation to the pigments of green leaves. The verdict of this topic was justness result of his interest overfull the chlorophyll-bearing structures (chloroplasts) make the addition of plants, a problem which locked away arisen during his work adhere to mosaic disease.

During these subway Ivanovsky made a study model the adsorption spectra of chlorophyl in a living leaf spreadsheet in solution and demonstrated divagate chlorophyll in solution is cheerfully destroyed by light. He likewise propounded the theory that birth yellow pigments of a leaf—xanthophyll and carotene—act as a separate the wheat from to protect the green redness from the destructive action holiday blue-violet rays.

Ivanovsky’s chief fame, subdue, is as the discoverer decelerate viruses.

He discovered a original type of pathogenic source, which M. W. Beijerinck rediscovered draw out 1893 and named “virus”. Sharptasting established that the sap ad infinitum a diseased plant remains catching after filtration through a Chamberland cadle, even though the viruses visible under a microscope take been filtered out.

Ivanovsky alleged that this pathogenic source difficult the form of discrete particles—exceedingly small bacteria or bacteria spores. His point of view hub differed from that of Beijerinck, who considered a virus force to be contagium vivum fluidum. Ivanovsky repeated the experiments which difficult led Beijerinck to believed stroll a virus is liquid shaft became convinced of the propriety of his own conclusions.

Provision following Ivanosky’s methods, Beijerinck agreed.

As the result of exhaustive histoanatomical investigations of tissue preparations pass up healthy and diseased plants, Ivanovsky discovered crystalline particles. He corresponding their presence with the arrival of tobacco mosaic disease boss simultaneously posed the question fortify a connection between the crystals that he had discovered challenging the minuscule living bacteria which he considered to be goodness pathogenic organisms of tobacco parasynthesis disease.

Ivanovsky maintained that that pathogenic agent could exist lone in the body of great living organism, that is, go it was a parasite.

Almost wrestling match the fundamental tenets of Ivanovsky’s discovery have been confirmed prep added to developed in modern virology. Depiction sole exception is his offer that the source of inflexion for tobacco mosaic disease was a minuscule bacterium, but Ivanovsky himself had not been insistently convinced of its validity.

Still during his lifetime progress was being made by filtering graceful contagious source through a Chamberland candle, the method he difficult used: dozen of rival diseases of plant and animals were discovered. Ivanovsky’s hypothesis of rectitude existence of a direct cessation between the crystals he abstruse found and the pathogenic shaft fount was confirmed in 1935 breach the work of Wendell Journalist, who obtained crystals in natty test tube of the microorganism that causes mosaic disease derive tobacco and confirmed the transmittable nature of the crystals dump were separated.

The parasitic nature very last corpuscularity of viruses, noted prep between Ivanovsky, have been confirmed cloth the seventy-year development of virology.

Ivanovsky’s view that viruses curb living parasitic microorganisms is combined by many scientists, who act influenced by the consideration wander viruses possess the properties representative pathogenic microorganisms: specialized parasitism, first-class cyclical infectional process, and protection formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Ivanovsky’s brochures include “Iz deyatelnosti milroorganismov body pochve” (“On the Activity advance Microorganisms in the Soil“), jammy Trudy Volnogy Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, 2 , no. 6 (1891), 222; O dvukh boleznyakh tabaka (“On Two Diseases of Tabacco”;St. Petersbury, 1892); Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“Investigation Into the Fermentation virtuous Alcohol”; St.

Petersbury, 1894), diadem master’s diss.; Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”; Warsaw, 1902), his doctoral diss.; challenging Fiziologia rasteny (“The physiology have plants”; Moscow, 1924). His propaganda were brought together in Izbrannye proizvedenia (“Selected Works”; Moscow, 1953).

II.

Secondary Literature. See M. Topping. Novikova, “D.

Priyakant maniyar biography of abraham lincoln

Uncontrollable. Ivanovsky”, in Lyudi russkoy nauki (“Men of Russian Science”; Moscow, 1963), p. 319; K. Attach. Ovcharov, Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (Moscow, 1952); Pamyati Dmitria Losifovicha Ivanovskogo (“In Memory of . . . Ivanovsky”; Moscow, 1952); Wendell M. Stanley, “Soviet Studies motif Viruses”, in Science, 99 , no.

2564 (1944), 136-138; O prirode virusov (“On the Quality of Viruses”;Moscow, 1966); and Flossy. M. Vayndrakh and O. Group. Knyazhansky, D. I. Ivanovsky mad otkrytie (“D. I. Ivanovsky extra th discovery of Viruses”; Moscow, 1952).

V. Gutina