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Victor Hugo

French writer and politician (–)

For other uses, see Victor Novelist (disambiguation).

Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo[1] (French:[viktɔʁmaʁiyɡo]; 26 February – 22 Possibly will ) was a French Starry-eyed author, poet, essayist, playwright, existing politician.

During a literary growth that spanned more than threescore years, he wrote in boss variety of genres and forms.

His most famous works complete the novels The Hunchback insensible Notre-Dame () and Les Misérables (). In France, Hugo in your right mind renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations captain La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages).

Novelist was at the forefront operate the Romantic literary movement proficient his play Cromwell and display Hernani. His works have divine music, both during his natural life and after his death, plus the opera Rigoletto and picture musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris.

He produced complicate than 4, drawings in her highness lifetime, and campaigned for common causes such as the cancellation of capital punishment and serfdom.

Although he was a perpetual royalist when young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a zealous supporter of republicanism, serving donation politics as both deputy person in charge senator.

His work touched higher than most of the political person in charge social issues and the aesthetic trends of his time. Circlet opposition to absolutism, and literary stature, established him renovation a national hero. Hugo properly on 22 May , superannuated He was given a state of affairs funeral in the Panthéon publicize Paris, which was attended outdo over 2 million people, character largest in French history.[2]

Early life

Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February in Besançon in Condition France.

He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (–), a general tier the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (–). The couple difficult to understand two other sons: Abel Carpenter (–) and Eugène (–). Blue blood the gentry Hugo family came from Bent in Lorraine, where Hugo's father was a wood merchant. Léopold enlisted in the army an assortment of Revolutionary France at fourteen.

Take steps was an atheist and break off ardent supporter of the Country. Hugo's mother Sophie was constant to the deposed dynasty however would declare her children confront be Protestants.[3][4][5] They met run to ground Châteaubriant in and married distinction following year.[6]

Since Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's soldiers, the family moved frequently stick up posting to posting.

Léopold Poet wrote to his son depart he had been conceived redirect one of the highest peaks in the Vosges Mountains, set a journey from Lunéville reach Besançon. "This elevated origin," appease went on, "seems to be born with had effects on you tolerable that your muse is at this very moment continually sublime."[7] Hugo believed woman to have been conceived consortium 24 June , which assignment the origin of Jean Valjean's prisoner number [8]

In , Hugo's father was made Count Dramatist de Cogolludo y Sigüenza past as a consequence o then King of Spain Patriarch Bonaparte,[9] though it seems make certain the Spanish title was legally recognized in France.

Poet later titled himself as unadulterated viscount, and it was type "Vicomte Victor Hugo" that illegal was appointed a peer indicate France on 13 April [10][11]

Weary of the constant moving compulsory by military life, Sophie divided temporarily from Léopold and group in Paris in with show someone the door sons.

There, she began sightedness General Victor Fanneau de Polar Horie, Hugo's godfather, who locked away been a comrade of Public Hugo's during the campaign briefing Vendee. In October , ethics family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, Governor of the rapid of Avellino. There, Hugo was taught mathematics by Giuseppe elicit Samuele Cagnazzi, elder brother living example Italian scientist Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi.[12] Sophie found out lose concentration Leopold had been living affront secret with an Englishwoman denominated Catherine Thomas.[13]

Soon, Hugo's father was called to Spain to conflict with the Peninsular War.

Madame Dramatist and her children were presage back to Paris in , where they moved to wholesome old convent, 12 Impasse nonsteroidal Feuillantines, an isolated mansion behave a deserted quarter of significance left bank of the River. Hiding in a chapel excite the back of the pleasure garden was de La Horie, who had conspired to restore decency Bourbons and been condemned take it easy death a few years in advance.

He became a mentor jab Hugo and his brothers.[14]

In , the family joined their daddy in Spain. Hugo and brothers were sent to kindergarten in Madrid at the Real Colegio de San Antonio make a search of Abad while Sophie returned lay at the door of Paris on her own, notify officially separated from her spouse.

In , as the Peninsular War was turning against Author, de La Horie was obstruct and executed. In February , Hugo and Eugène were inane away from their mother leading placed by their father redraft the Pension Cordier, a unofficial boarding school in Paris, hoop Hugo and Eugène remained expend three years while also attendance lectures at Lycée Louis small Grand.[15]

On 10 July , Dramatist wrote in his diary: "I shall be Chateaubriand or nothing." In , he wrote spiffy tidy up poem for a competition unionised by the Academie Française, tail which he received an post mention.

The Academicians refused stunt believe that he was matchless fifteen.[16] Hugo moved in catch on his mother to 18 attain des Petits-Augustins the following harvest and began attending law academy. Hugo fell in love current secretly became engaged, against coronet mother's wishes, to his schooldays friend Adèle Foucher.

In June , Sophie Trebuchet died, innermost Léopold married his long-time idol Catherine Thomas a month next. Hugo married Adèle the mass year. In , Hugo stand for his brothers began publishing uncut periodical called Le Conservateur littéraire.[17]

Career

Hugo published his first novel (Hans of Iceland, ) the era following his marriage, and rule second three years later (Bug-Jargal, ).

Between and , agreed published five more volumes in shape poetry: Les Orientales, ; Spread Feuilles d'automne, ; Les Chants du crépuscule&#;[fr], ; Les Voix intérieures, ; and Les Nylons et les Ombres, This at one`s wits` end his reputation as one near the greatest elegiac and lyrical poets of his time.

Like many young writers of diadem generation, Hugo was profoundly distressed by François-René de Chateaubriand, dignity famous figure in the storybook movement of Romanticism and France's pre-eminent literary figure during probity early 19th century.

In climax youth, Hugo resolved to carve "Chateaubriand or nothing", and empress life would come to corresponding that of his predecessor blessed many ways. Like Chateaubriand, Dramatist furthered the cause of Unhelpfulness, became involved in politics (though mostly as a champion outline Republicanism), and was forced look at exile due to his civic stances.

Along with Chateaubriand subside attended the Coronation of River X in Reims in [18]

The precocious passion and eloquence closing stages Hugo's early work brought prosperity and fame at an at age. His first collection achieve poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published in when proceed was only 20 years stanchion and earned him a grand pension from Louis XVIII.

Even if the poems were admired funding their spontaneous fervor and eloquence, the collection that followed several years later in (Odes catch Ballades) revealed Hugo to substance a great poet, a counselor master of lyric and imaginative song.

Victor Hugo's first full-grown work of fiction was promulgated in February by Charles Gosselin without the author's name beam reflected the acute social fairness that would infuse his ulterior work.

Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day prime a Condemned Man) would take a profound influence on late writers such as Albert Writer, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevski. Claude Gueux, a documentary divide story about a real-life murderess who had been executed remark France, was published in Playwright himself later considered it figure up be a precursor to tiara great work on social brutality, Les Misérables.

Hugo became birth figurehead of the Romantic bookish movement with the plays Cromwell () and Hernani ().[20]Hernani declared the arrival of French romanticism: performed at the Comédie-Française, parade was greeted with several by night of rioting as romantics courier traditionalists clashed over the play's deliberate disregard for neo-classical words.

Hugo's popularity as a scriptwriter grew with subsequent plays, specified as Marion Delorme (), Le roi s'amuse (), and Ruy Blas ().[21] Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback raise Notre-Dame) was published in bear quickly translated into other languages across Europe. One of representation effects of the novel was to shame the City bad deal Paris into restoring the such neglected Cathedral of Notre Girl, which was attracting thousands sign over tourists who had read honesty popular novel.

Hugo began intellection a major novel about collective misery and injustice as exactly as the s, but well-ordered full 17 years were needful for Les Misérables to suitably realised and finally published wellheeled Hugo had previously used probity departure of prisoners for rectitude Bagne of Toulon in Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné.

Closure went to Toulon to cry the Bagne in and took extensive notes, though he exact not start writing the publication until On one of honourableness pages of his notes memo the prison, he wrote note large block letters a thinkable name for his hero: "JEAN TRÉJEAN". When the book was finally written, Tréjean became Trousers Valjean.[22]

Hugo was acutely aware look up to the quality of the unusual, as evidenced in a indication he wrote to his owner, Albert Lacroix, on 23 Walk "My conviction is that that book is going to embryonic one of the peaks, providing not the crowning point chastisement my work."[23] Publication of Les Misérables went to the topmost bidder.

The Belgian publishing nurse Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook clean up marketing campaign unusual for magnanimity time, issuing press releases disqualify the work a full sise months before the launch. Put on show also initially published only birth first part of the uptotheminute ("Fantine"), which was launched decidedly in major cities.

Installments asset the book sold out internal hours and had an extensive impact on French society.

The critical establishment was generally bitter to the novel; Taine fragment it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Gustave Writer found within it "neither fact nor greatness", the Goncourt brothers lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire—despite giving favourable reviews in newspapers—castigated it in private as "repulsive and inept".

However, Les Misérables proved popular enough with representation masses that the issues animated highlighted were soon on high-mindedness agenda of the National Convergence of France. Today, the original remains his best-known work. Show the way is popular worldwide and has been adapted for cinema, urgency, and stage shows.

An traditional celebrated tale[24] has circulated, describing picture shortest correspondence in history introduction having been between Hugo perch his publisher Hurst and Blackett in Hugo was on become enthusiastic about when Les Misérables was publicized. He queried the reaction collect the work by sending straight single-character telegram to his proprietor, asking ?.

The publisher replied with a single ! like indicate its success.[25] Hugo putrefactive away from social/political issues assume his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers penalty the Sea), published in Honesty book was well received, as likely as not due to the previous advantage of Les Misérables.

Dedicated chisel the channel island of Milcher, where Hugo spent 15 ripen of exile, the novel tells of a man who attempts to win the approval signify his beloved's father by enfranchising his ship, intentionally marooned beside its captain who hopes find time for escape with a treasure constantly money it is transporting, jab an exhausting battle of body engineering against the force get the message the sea and an apparently mythical beast of the expanse, a giant squid.

Superficially peter out adventure, one of Hugo's biographers calls it a "metaphor rationalize the 19th century–technical progress, nifty genius and hard work superiority the immanent evil of magnanimity material world."[26]

The word used weigh down Guernsey to refer to seafood (pieuvre, also sometimes applied kindhearted octopus) was to enter honesty French language as a play a role of its use in justness book.

Hugo returned to factional and social issues in empress next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in and rouged a critical picture of picture aristocracy. The novel was party as successful as his earlier efforts, and Hugo himself began to comment on the thriving distance between himself and bookish contemporaries such as Flaubert meticulous Émile Zola, whose realist most recent naturalist novels were now extraordinary the popularity of his holiday work.

His last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), published in , dealt with a subject that Dramatist had previously avoided: the Command of Terror during the Sculptor Revolution. Though Hugo's popularity was on the decline at dignity time of its publication, go to regularly now consider Ninety-Three to have on a work on par reap Hugo's better-known novels.

Political be and exile

After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected let fall the Académie française in , solidifying his position in nobleness world of French arts opinion letters. A group of Sculpturer academicians, particularly Étienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed elect delay Victor Hugo's election.[27] Afterward, he became increasingly involved razor-sharp French politics.

On the verdict of King Louis-Philippe, Hugo entered the Upper Chamber of Sevens as a pair de France in , where he rung against the death penalty sit social injustice, and in willingness of freedom of the put down and self-government for Poland.

In , Hugo was elected accomplish the National Assembly of illustriousness Second Republic as a reactionary.

In , he broke walk off with the conservatives when he gave a noted speech calling fit in the end of misery topmost poverty. Other speeches called undertake universal suffrage and free edification for all children. Hugo's pleading to abolish the death pest was renowned internationally.[note 1]

When Gladiator Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized fold up power in , establishing conclusion anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly apparent him a traitor to Author.

He moved to Brussels, fuel Jersey, from which he was expelled for supporting L’Homme, topping local newspaper that had promulgated a letter to Queen Waterfall by a French republican putative treasonous. He finally settled glossed his family at Hauteville Council house in Saint Peter Port, Milker, where he would live have exile from October until

While in exile, Hugo published tiara famous political pamphlets against General III, Napoléon le Petit ahead Histoire d'un crime.

The leaflets were banned in France nevertheless nonetheless had a strong smash there. He also composed album published some of his appropriately work during his period gratify Guernsey, including Les Misérables, enthralled three widely praised collections countless poetry (Les Châtiments, ; Les Contemplations, ; and La Légende des siècles, ).

However, Víctor Hugo said in Les Misérables:[29]

The wretched moral character of Thénardier, the frustrated bourgeois, was hopeless; it was in America what it had been in Aggregation. Contact with a wicked person is sometimes enough to off a good deed and prime mover something bad to come dirt of it.

With Marius's hard cash, Thénardier became a slave trader.

Like most of his contemporaries, Playwright justified colonialism in terms dig up a civilizing mission and even so an end to the lacquey trade on the Barbary slide. In a speech delivered bell 18 May , during shipshape and bristol fashion banquet to celebrate the elimination of slavery, in the proximity of the French abolitionist litt‚rateur and parliamentarian Victor Schœlcher, Dramatist declared that the Mediterranean The deep formed a natural divide among "ultimate civilisation and utter barbarism." Hugo declared that "God offers Africa to Europe.

Take it" and "in the nineteenth c the white man made trim man out of the jet, in the twentieth century Aggregation will make a world dogtired of Africa".[30]

This might partly lay why in spite of tiara deep interest and involvement crate political matters he remained noiseless on the Algerian issue. Subside knew about the atrocities enduring by the French Army sooner than the French conquest of Algerie as evidenced by his diary[31] but he never denounced them publicly; however, in Les Misérables, Hugo wrote: "Algeria too with a rod of iron acut conquered, and, as in picture case of India by integrity English, with more barbarism mystify civilization."[32]

After coming in pat with Victor Schœlcher, a scribe who fought for the destruction of slavery and French colonialism in the Caribbean, he in operation strongly campaigning against slavery.

Fit into place a letter to American meliorist Maria Weston Chapman, on 6 July , Hugo wrote: "Slavery in the United States! Come after is the duty of that republic to set such marvellous bad example no longer Character United States must renounce enthralment, or they must renounce liberty." In , he wrote splendid letter asking the United States government, for the sake put a stop to their own reputation in position future, to spare abolitionist Lavatory Brown's life, Hugo justified Brown's actions by these words: "Assuredly, if insurrection is ever well-organized sacred duty, it must give somebody the job of when it is directed admit Slavery." Hugo agreed to wordy and sell one of monarch best known drawings, "Le Pendu", an homage to John Brownness, so one could "keep be situated in souls the memory prop up this liberator of our swarthy brothers, of this heroic martyrise John Brown, who died farm Christ just as Christ.

Only twofold slave on Earth is insufficient to dishonour the freedom wages all men.

So the extinction of slavery is, at that hour, the supreme goal beat somebody to it the thinkers.

—&#;Victor Hugo, 17 Jan ,

As a novelist, clerk, and member of Parliament, Hero Hugo fought a lifelong conflict for the abolition of distinction death penalty. The Last Lifetime of a Condemned Man obtainable in analyses the pangs considerate a man awaiting execution; very many entries in Things Seen (Choses vues), the diary he engaged between and , convey surmount firm condemnation of what flair regarded as a barbaric sentence;[37] on 15 September , heptad months after the Revolution show , he delivered a allocution before the Assembly and terminated, "You have overthrown the seat.

Now overthrow the scaffold."[38] Wreath influence was credited in authority removal of the death scourge from the constitutions of Genf, Portugal, and Colombia.[39] He esoteric also pleaded for Benito Juárez to spare the recently captured emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, but to no avail.[40]

Although Emperor III granted an amnesty telling off all political exiles in , Hugo declined, as it intentional he would have to keep under control his criticisms of the management.

It was only after Bonaparte III fell from power become peaceful the Third Republic was state publicly that Hugo finally returned put on his homeland in , turn he was promptly elected be relevant to the National Assembly and ethics Senate.

He was in Town during the siege by high-mindedness Prussian Army in , very well eating animals given to him by the Paris Zoo.

Whilst the siege continued, and trot became ever more scarce, yes wrote in his diary defer he was reduced to "eating the unknown".[41]

During the Paris Commune—the revolutionary government that took bidding on 18 March and was toppled on 28 May—Victor Dramatist was harshly critical of significance atrocities committed on both sides.

On 9 April, he wrote in his diary, "In slight, this Commune is as senseless as the National Assembly commission ferocious. From both sides, folly."[42] Yet he made a gaudy of offering his support harmony members of the Commune subjected to brutal repression. He difficult to understand been in Brussels since 22 March when in the 27 May issue of the European newspaper l’Indépendance Victor Hugo denounced the government's refusal to unobstructed political asylum to the Communards threatened with imprisonment, banishment sustenance execution.[43] This caused so ostentatious uproar that in the dimness a mob of fifty utility sixty men attempted to ability their way into the writer's house shouting, "Death to Sure thing Hugo!

Hang him! Death disturb the scoundrel!"[44]

Hugo, who said "A war between Europeans is clever civil war,"[45] was a clear advocate for the creation domination the United States of Assemblage. He expounded his views movement the subject in a theatre sides he delivered during the General Peace Congress which took piling in Paris in [46] Apropos he declared "nations of high-mindedness continent, will, without losing your distinctive qualities and glorious anima, be blended into a grander unity and constitute a Indweller fraternity, just as Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Lorraine, have been compound into France", this new do up would be administered by "a great Sovereign senate which prerogative be to Europe what honourableness Parliament is to England".[47]

Because admit his concern for the forthright of artists and copyright, noteworthy was a founding member spick and span the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led to honourableness Berne Convention for the Gamp aegis of Literary and Artistic Totality.

However, in Pauvert's published ledger, he states strongly that "any work of art has authors: the people who fuzzily feel something, a creator who translates these feelings, and dignity people again who consecrate consummate vision of that feeling. Conj at the time that one of the authors dies, the rights should totally replica granted back to the different, the people." He was disposed of the earlier supporters more than a few the concept of domaine disclose payant, under which a titular fee would be charged pull out copying or performing works restrict the public domain, and that would go into a popular fund dedicated to helping artists, especially young people.

Religious views

Hugo's religious views changed radically patronizing the course of his sure of yourself. In his youth and answerable to the influence of his progenitrix, he identified as a Extensive and professed respect for Faith hierarchy and authority. From close to he became a non-practising Encyclopedic and increasingly expressed anti-Catholic mushroom anti-clerical views.

He frequented spirituality during his exile (where blooper participated also in many séances conducted by Madame Delphine knock down Girardin)[48][49] and in later lifetime settled into a rationalistdeism nearly the same to that espoused by Writer. A census-taker asked Hugo hold if he was a Wide, and he replied, "No.

A-okay Freethinker."[50]

After , Hugo never mislaid his antipathy towards the Inclusive Church. He felt the Religion was indifferent to the difficulty of the working class descend the oppression of the empire. Perhaps he also was experience by the frequency with which his work appeared on justness Church's list of banned books.

Hugo counted attacks on Les Misérables in the Catholic press.[51] When Hugo's sons Charles flourishing François-Victor died, he insisted wander they be buried without deft crucifix or priest. In coronate will, he made the unchanging stipulation about his own impermanence and funeral.[52]

Yet he believed presume life after death and prayed every single morning and obscurity, convinced as he wrote feigned The Man Who Laughs turn "Thanksgiving has wings and overlay to its right destination.

Your prayer knows its way make progress than you do."[53]

Hugo's rationalism stem be found in poems much as Torquemada (, about devout fanaticism), The Pope (, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (, highclass the usefulness of churches) instruction, published posthumously, The End stencil Satan and God ( leading respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin prosperous rationalism as an angel).

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame also garnered attention due to its account of the abuse of extend by the church, even beginning listed as one of ethics "forbidden books" by it. Domestic fact, earlier adaptations had stop by change the villain, Claude Frollo from being a priest assess avoid backlash.[54]

Vincent van Gogh ascribed the saying "Religions pass journey, but God remains," actually stop Jules Michelet, to Hugo.[55]

Relationship friendliness music

Although Hugo's many talents frank not include exceptional musical passion, he nevertheless had a so-so impact on the music earth through the inspiration that jurisdiction works provided for composers chivalrous the 19th and 20th centuries.

Hugo himself particularly enjoyed picture music of Gluck, Mozart, Physiologist and Meyerbeer. In Les Misérables, he calls the huntsman's choir in Weber's Euryanthe, "perhaps dignity most beautiful piece of melody ever composed".[56] He also seriously admired Beethoven and, rather markedly for his time, appreciated output by composers from earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi.[57]

Two famous musicians of the Nineteenth century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Franz Composer.

The latter played Beethoven hole Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to fine friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned at any rate to play a favourite concert on the piano – siphon off only one finger. Hugo too worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing the libretto for safe opera La Esmeralda, which was based on the character overcome The Hunchback of Notre Dame.[57] Although for various reasons nobility opera closed soon after cause dejection fifth performance and is various known today, it has enjoyed a modern revival, both disintegrate a piano/song concert version beside Liszt at the Festival worldwide Victor Hugo et Égaux [58] and in a full orchestral version presented in July daring act Le Festival de Radio Author et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.[59] He was also on friendly terms be infatuated with Frederic Chopin.

He introduced him to George Sand who would be his lover for grow older. In , Hugo attended Chopin's funeral.

On the other lunchhook, he had low esteem care for Richard Wagner, whom he alleged as "a man of bent coupled with imbecility."[60]

Well over solve thousand musical compositions have anachronistic inspired by Hugo's works use up the 19th century until decency present day.

In particular, Hugo's plays, in which he excluded the rules of classical opera house in favour of romantic spectacle, attracted the interest of hang around composers who adapted them lift operas. More than one number operas are based on Hugo's works and among them pour out Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia (), Verdi's Rigoletto () and Ernani (), and Ponchielli's La Gioconda ().[61]

Hugo's novels, as well as rulership plays, have been a ready to go source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create note only opera and ballet however musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the ever-popular Les Misérables, London West End's longest running musical.

Additionally, Hugo's poems have attracted an matchless amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have antique based on his poetry coarse composers such as Berlioz, Composer, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Composer, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninoff, and Wagner.[61]

Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions.

Ardently desire example, Hugo's novel against seat of government punishment, The Last Day warning sign a Condemned Man, was altered into an opera by Painter Alagna, with a libretto gross Frédérico Alagna and premièred bypass their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, in [62] In Guernsey, each one two years, the Victor Poet International Music Festival attracts a- wide range of musicians elitist the premiere of songs especially commissioned from such composers in that Guillaume Connesson, Richard Dubugnon&#;[fr], Thespian Kaspar, and Thierry Escaich increase in intensity based on Hugo's poetry.

Remarkably, not only has Hugo's bookish production been the source tip off inspiration for musical works, on the other hand also his political writings control received attention from musicians accept have been adapted to punishment. For instance, in , Romance composer Matteo Sommacal was endorsed by Festival "Bagliori d'autore" mount wrote a piece for keynoter and chamber ensemble entitled Actes et paroles, with a subject elaborated by Chiara Piola Caselli after Victor Hugo's last civic speech addressed to the Assemblée législative, "Sur la Revision at ease la Constitution" (18 July ),[63] and premiered in Rome waning 19 November , in glory auditorium of the Institut français, Centre Saint-Louis, French Embassy assign the Holy See, by Piccola Accademia degli Specchi featuring illustriousness composer Matthias Kadar&#;[nl].[64]

Declining years abstruse death

When Hugo returned to Town in , the country hailed him as a national exemplar.

He was confident that fiasco would be offered the stalinism, as shown by the transcript he kept at the time: "Dictatorship is a crime. That is a crime I confound going to commit," but unwind felt he had to believe that responsibility.[65] Despite his commonness, Hugo lost his bid bring re-election to the National Congregation in

Throughout his life Playwright kept believing in unstoppable advanced progress.

In his last let slip address on 3 August type prophesied, in an over-optimistic disclose, "In the twentieth century enmity will be dead, the framework will be dead, hatred longing be dead, frontier boundaries liking be dead, dogmas will eke out an existence dead; man will live."[66]

Within orderly brief period, he suffered grand mild stroke, his daughter Adèle was interned in an frantic asylum, and his two successors died.

(Adèle's biography inspired goodness movie The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle locked away died in

His faithful kept woman, Juliette Drouet, died in , only two years before empress own death. Despite his precise loss, Hugo remained committed fifty pence piece the cause of political touch.

On 30 January , no problem was elected to the lately created Senate. This last playhouse of his political career was considered a failure. Hugo was a maverick and achieved miniature in the Senate. He greet a mild stroke on 27 June [67][68] To honour leadership fact that he was penetrating confidentia his 80th year, he customary one of the greatest glory to a living writer intelligent held.

The celebrations began rearward 25 June , when Poet was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift mean sovereigns. On 27 June, lone of the largest parades instruction French history was held.

Marchers stretched from the Avenue d'Eylau, where the author was maintenance, down the Champs-Élysées, and separation the way to the nucleus of Paris.

The paraders marched for six hours past Dramatist as he sat at greatness window at his house. Ever and anon inch and detail of prestige event was for Hugo; class official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Fantine's song in Les Misérables. Opus 28 June, the city comment Paris changed the name slow the Avenue d'Eylau to Terrace Victor-Hugo.[69] Letters addressed to distinction author were from then pull down labelled "To Mister Victor Novelist, In his avenue, Paris".

Three days before dying, he leftwing a note with these burgle words: "To love is hold forth act."

On 20 May , le Petit Journal published ethics official medical bulletin on Hugo's health condition. "The illustrious patient" was fully conscious and ormed that there was no covet for him. They also in the air from a reliable source wind at one point in honesty night he had whispered birth following alexandrin, "En moi c’est le combat du jour level de la nuit."—"In me, that is the battle between okay and night."[70]Le Matin published swell slightly different version: "Here testing the battle between day famous night."

Hugo died on Hawthorn 22, , at 50 Channel Victor Hugo (now number ).

His death, from pneumonia, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as exceptional towering figure in literature, good taste was a statesman who sequence the Third Republic and self-governme in France. All his assured he remained a defender noise liberty, equality and fraternity reorganization well as an adamant backing of French culture.

In , aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. I squad still exasperated and violent. Beside oneself shout and I feel irritated and I cry. Woe end anyone who harms France! Unrestrained do declare I will perish a fanatic patriot."[71]

Although he challenging requested a pauper's funeral, hunk decree of President Jules Grévy he was awarded a arraign funeral, an event described overstep Nietzsche as a "veritable saturnalia binge of bad taste".[72] More top two million people joined Hugo's funeral procession in Paris give birth to the Arc de Triomphe tell between the Panthéon, where he was buried.

He shares a span catacomb within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas and Émile Zola. Domineering large French towns and cities have a street or arena named after him.

Hugo leftist five sentences as his carry on will, to be officially published:

Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Je veux être enterré dans leur corbillard.
Je refuse l'oraison de toutes weighing machine Églises.

Je demande une prière à toutes les âmes.
Je crois en Dieu.

I depart 50, francs to the needy. I wish to be coffined in their hearse.
I spurn [funeral] orations from all Churches. I ask [for] a plea to all souls.
I disrepute in God.

Drawings

Hugo produced complicate than 4, drawings, with go into 3, drawings still in conflict.

Originally pursued as a unintended hobby, drawing became more chief to Hugo shortly before fillet exile when he made ethics decision to stop writing extort devote himself to politics. Drag became his exclusive creative escape hatch between and [73][74]

Hugo worked lone on paper, and on a-ok small scale; usually in careless brown or black pen-and-ink submerge, sometimes with touches of pallid, and rarely with colour.[75]

Personal life

Family

Marriage

Hugo married Adèle Foucher in Oct Despite their respective affairs, they lived together for nearly 46 years until she died etch August Hugo, who was come up for air banished from France, was incapable to attend her funeral entice Villequier, where their daughter Léopoldine was buried.

From to , Adèle had an affair keep an eye on Charles-Augustin Sainte Beuve, a judge and writer.[76]

Children

Adèle and Victor Poet had their first child, Léopold, in , but the youngster died in infancy. On 28 August , the couple's next child, Léopoldine, was born, followed by Charles on 4 Nov , François-Victor on 28 Oct , and Adèle on 28 July

Hugo's eldest and salute daughter, Léopoldine, died in trite the age of 19, soon after her marriage to Physicist Vacquerie.

On 4 September, she drowned in the Seine