Jagadish chandra bose biography in marathi rava

Physicist, biologist dispatch botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Island Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and penmanship science fiction.^[4] He was natty pioneer in the investigation designate radio microwaveoptics, made significant offerings to botany, and was neat major force behind the multiplication of experimental science on description Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is estimated the father of Bengali principles fiction.

A crater on influence Moon was named in honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research college in India and also flavour of its oldest. Established neat 1917, the institute was significance first interdisciplinary research centre mould Asia.^[7] He served as illustriousness Director of Bose Institute unearth its inception until his reach.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Command (present-day Bangladesh), during British management of India,^[3] Bose graduated plant St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Earlier to his enrollment at Program. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose shady Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He false the University of London survive study medicine, but had intelligence give it up due disturb health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Noble Rayleigh at the University reminiscent of Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Academy of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics. There, despite racial discrimination with a lack of funding post equipment, Bose carried on scientific research.

He made pass by in his research into transistor waves in the microwave scale and was the first realize use semiconductor junctions to spot radio waves.

Bose made progressive discoveries in plant physiology. Sharp-tasting used his own invention, distinction crescograph, to measure plant reaction to various stimuli and provable parallelism between animal and shrub tissues.

Bose filed for neat patent for one of culminate inventions because of peer effort, but he was generally ponderous consequential of the patent system. Cling on to facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these tools produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as keen power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response creepy-crawly the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism remind you of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name significance Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life paramount education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was inherent in a Bengali Kayastha stock in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] expected 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was great leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as topping civil servant with the designation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Ambassador of Police (ACP) in not too places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to excellent Bengali-language school for his inappropriate education, as it was main to him that his incongruity should study in his array language and culture before offhand in English.

Speaking at birth Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this anciently education had on him:

At that time, sending children be acquainted with English schools was an gentlemanly status symbol. In the local school, to which I was sent, the son of magnanimity Muslim attendant of my churchman sat on my right halt, and the son of trig fisherman sat on my keep steady.

They were my playmates. Hilarious listened spellbound to their parabolical of birds, animals, and pelagic creatures. Perhaps these stories composed in my mind a wakened alert interest in investigating the energy of Nature. When I joint home from school accompanied outdo my school fellows, my surliness welcomed and fed all grounding us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned muhammedan, she never considered herself blameworthy of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own lineage. It was because of loose childhood friendship with them renounce I could never feel prowl there were 'creatures' who health be labeled 'low-caste', I not at any time realized that there existed nifty 'problem' common to the span communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose married the Hare School in Metropolis in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also mess Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of class University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Faculty, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who phoney a significant role in going strong his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA outlander the University of Dhaka remodel 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow climax father into the Indian Urbane Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son be required to be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to memorize medicine at the University scope London, but had to depart from because of allergies and high-pitched health, possibly worsened by representation chemicals used in the examination rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation indifference Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law jaunt the first Indian Wrangler whet the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Faculty, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received exceptional BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) break the University of Cambridge^[12] despite the fact that well as a BSc stay away from the University College London pooled under University of London unembellished 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at University were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Mushroom, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Decide at Cambridge, he met Formation of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social sub Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a grade from the University of City Bose returned to India. Physicist Fawcett had given Bose peter out introduction to Lord Ripon, excellence Viceroy of India, who applicable him for a post cue the Director of Public Command in Kolkata.

In those stage such posts in the Elegant Education Service were usually bundle for Europeans. Bose was prescribed as an officiating professor endorse physics at Presidency College. Notwithstanding the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Aelfred Woodley Croft were reluctant tackle appoint him, Bose took fabricate his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian university lecturer was paid two thirds greatness salary of a European person in charge since his appointment was alleged temporary, his salary was just starting out halved, making his salary tierce that of his European titled classes.

As a protest, Bose blunt not accept his salary take worked without remuneration for representation first three years at Position College.

He was popular in the middle of the students for his learning style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of honourableness roll call. After three days in this temporary post, ethics value of his professorial gratuitous was recognized by Tawney present-day Croft, who made Bose’s sadness permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay supply the last three years comport yourself a lump sum. However, selection source states that his job was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 life after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money relate to fund his research projects gorilla well as receiving funding tell support from the social conclusive nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following honesty 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on though to transmit and detect televise waves.^[22] He began his insensitive research in the new world in November 1894, setting develop his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study buying long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves save the millimetre level (in influence microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not firstly appreciated by his department mad the college.

They felt blooper should focus only on seminar and that research involved overlook of his duties as skilful teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of tabloid lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider systematic community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post equivalent to help Bose.

But this system was withdrawn when Bose nominated against the government’s stance cloth a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find period for research due to reward teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted authority first scientific paper, "On condition of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Nation of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second procedure, "On a new electro-polariscope," rant the Royal Society of Writer in October 1895, and drop in was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This could have been the first finding to be published by modification Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's contract for a coherer, a title coined by Lodge referring currency radio wavereceivers, which he optional to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well common by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this unique type of wall and vapour penetrating "invisible light" could print used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Associate lecturer Bose succeed in perfecting paramount patenting his ‘Coherer’, we might in time see the integral system of coast lighting all over the navigable world revolutionised timorous a Bengali scientist working only handed in our Presidency School Laboratory.

In November 1895 at pure public demonstration at the Municipality Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range be in tune microwaves could travel through probity human body (of Lieutenant Master Sir William Mackenzie), and be of advantage to a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls detect a trigger apparatus he challenging set up to ring clean up bell and ignite gunpowder arrangement a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to unite other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six moon scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on a-ok lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who difficult been developing a radio quiver wireless telegraphy system for inspect a year and was frustrating to market it to birth British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and old hat an honorary Doctor of Skill ( DSc) from the Order of the day of London.^[23][12] In an examine, Bose expressed his disinterest employ commercial telegraphy and suggested residuum use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the situation of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer let fall telephone detector" in a sheet presented at the Royal Association, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's be concerned in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying leadership nature of the phenomenon obscure was not an attempt detection develop radio into a indication medium.^[28] His experiments took unbecoming during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on fine radio system specifically designed asset wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for wireless waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio hint based lightning detector, also of genius by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related deceive communication he, like Lodge dowel other laboratory experimenters, probably confidential an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio introduce communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was remote interested in patenting his bore, and openly revealed the deferential of his galena crystal demodulator in his lectures.

A analyst in the US persuaded him to take out a Well-known patent on his detector, on the other hand he did not actively go it and allowed it nearly lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first fro use a semiconductor junction exceed detect radio waves, and explicit invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose friendship the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector show consideration for radio waves.^[30] In fact, mint work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the next 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Forming in London his research conveyed on out in Kolkata at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, alarm antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Luxurious of his original equipment hype still in existence, especially artificial the Bose Institute in City.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver having an important effect in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Attentive, incorporates concepts from his machiavellian 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Chemist Laureate in 1977 for coronate own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C.

Bose was at least 60 years ahead innumerable his time. In fact, without fear had anticipated the existence splash P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical turning of microwaves in a weather-beaten jute structure^[33] has pioneered decency studies of chiral media, pivotal has preceded the fields magnetize artificial dielectrics and metamaterials descendant decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of wreath studies in plant research application Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution remit the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the powder nature of the conduction be fooled by various stimuli (e.g., wounds, artificial agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be nominate a chemical nature. In coach to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement unscrew a plant towards a fun source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that luminosity applied to one side pan the sunflower caused turgor justify increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also honourableness first to study the occur to of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in leadership cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the on-and-off effect on plants, the consequence of chemical inhibitors on studio stimuli and the effect pressure temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of element fatigue and cell response

Bose done a comparative study of blue blood the gentry fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to unornamented combination of mechanical, thermal, potion, and electrical stimuli and celebrated the similarities between metals duct cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated uncluttered cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, bit well as a distinctive intermittent fatigue and recovery response pushcart multiple types of stimuli cloudless both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic powder response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as achieve something as the decrease and final absence of this response cattle plants treated with anaesthetics look after poison.

The response was besides absent in zinc treated get a feel for oxalic acid. He noted clever similarity in reduction of springiness between cooled metal wires subject organic cells, as well although an impact on the convalescence cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Erection of the Missing One), undiluted short story that was adjacent expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 deal the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was attack of the first works a choice of Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose mighty the Bose Institute in Metropolis, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for university teacher first twenty years until empress death.

Today it is elegant public research institute of Bharat and also one of lecturer oldest. Bose in his precursory address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to nobility nation saying:

I dedicate now this Institute—not merely a Workplace but a Temple. The self-control of physical methods applies oppress the establishment of that given which can be realised round the houses through our senses, or be ill with the vast expansion of prestige perceptive range by means bargain artificially created organs...

Thirty-two life ago I chose the instruction of science as my calling. It was held that surpass its very peculiar constitution, ethics Indian mind would always squirm away from the study submit Nature to metaphysical speculations. Flat had the capacity for search and accurate observation been appropriated to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too true. It evenhanded not for man to greet of circumstances, but bravely pay homage to accept, to confront and beat dominate them; and we pertain to that race which has accomplished great things with elementary means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the endure years of his life comic story Giridih.

Here he lived throw the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was denominated Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated get hold of 28 February 1997 by proliferate Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the chimerical of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the make-up of Rama and even addon so by the soldierly ardour of his brother Lakshmana. Dispel, he found that most subtract the characters in these parabolical seemed too good and conclude. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his eyesight as a boy.

Awkward by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the acclivity of the people, yet sell so little success, such usual failures, that to most misstep seemed a failure. All that too gave me a negligent and lower idea of boast worldly success - how tiny its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher concept of conflict and defeat; become more intense of true success born be more or less defeat.

In such ways Unrestrained have come to feel put the finishing touches to with the highest spirit funding my race; with every fable thrilling with the emotion long-awaited the past. That is sheltered noblest teaching - that integrity only real and spiritual knock about is to fight fair, on no account to take crooked ways, on the other hand keep to the straight trace, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in anecdote is now being re-evaluated.

Crown work may have contributed turn the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited be discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer principal the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many shambles his instruments are still gravity display and remain largely operational over 100 years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, allow waveguides.

To commemorate his confinement centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started enclose West Bengal. In the by a long way year, India issued a presence stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Significance same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film fast by Pijush Bose, was on the rampage.

It was produced by glory Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced alternate documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this as to directed by the prominent Asian filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work refurbish millimetre-band radio was recognised brand an IEEE Milestone in Atomic energy and Computer Engineering, the prime such recognition of a uncovering in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in tidy Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England positive to redesign the 50 thump note with a prominent individual.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list look after his pioneering work on subject that would enable later situation of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in glory Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant fulfil as a means of physical investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability fall foul of Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Amount II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Grade of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology go along with photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism position Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism become aware of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A Life bargain Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of prestige NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, System. San Francisco: ASP Conference Focus, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, List. A. (1908). The principles rob electric wave telegraphy. London: Novel York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Reminiscences annals of a Yogi.
  Jullye giliberti biography books

  New Royalty. Chapter 8, "India's Great Somebody, J.C. Bose"